Randall v. Lingwall

Mr. Justice Bean delivered the opinion. This is a suit to quiet title. The plaintiffs are the widow and daughter of O. P. Randall, who died in February, 1898. In March, 1888, O. P. Randall purchased the property in controversy, conveying it-soon after by warranty deed to his brother, T. J. Randall, which deed was duly recorded. Some time in 1891, the latter reconveyed the property to O. P. Randall. This deed was not recorded, but the grantee took possession, and, in 1893, leased the property to G. G. Gans, who continued in possession until the commencement of this suit, and who paid the rent under his lease to O. P. Randall until the latter’s death. T. J. Randall, ascertaining that his deed to his brother was not of record, then notified Gans that he owned the property, and demanded payment of the rent, which Gans accordingly paid him for the months of March and April, 1898, in order to avoid any controversy about his right to the possession, but without informing any of the representatives .of O. P. Randall. On April 12, 1898, T. J. Randall sold and conveyed the property to the defendant, who, before making the purchase, — 386 — examined it, saw that Gans was in possession, but made no inquiry of him or of any member of his family as to the character of such possession, or his right thereto, but relied entirely upon an abstract of the title. In December, 1898, the deed from T. J. to O. P. Randall was found, and placed of record. Thereafter this suit was brought. Upon this state of facts, it is apparent that the plaintiffs must prevail unless the defendant is entitled to the rights of a bona fide purchaser. This depends upon whether his knowledge of Gans’ possession was, under the circumstances, sufficient to put him upon inquiry, and to charge him with notice of the rights and equities of the plaintiffs. The inquiry thus presented is twofold : First, is the possession of a tenant notice of the title of his landlord, or perhaps, more accurately speaking, is it sufficient to put an intending purchaser upon inquiry, and to charge him with notice of the landlord’s title where he makes no inquiry ? Second, was Gans the tenant of O. P. ór T. J. Randall at the time of the defendant’s purchase ? 1. It seems to be well settled that .the open, exclusive, and notorious possession of property by a stranger to the title is sufficient to put those who deal with it upon inquiry concerning the rights and equities of the party in possession, and to charge them with knowledge thereof when no inquiry is made: Bohlman v. Coffin, 4 Or. 313; Rayburn v. Davisson, 22 Or. 242 (29 Pac. 738); Petrain v. Kiernan, 23 Or. 455 (32 Pac. 158); Ambrose v. Huntington, 34 Or. 484 (56 Pac. 513). But whether such notice is confined to the rights and equities of the party in possession, or extends to those under whom he holds if he is a tenant, is a disputed question. Mr. Sugden, in his work on Vendors, says : “Notice of a tenancy will not, it seems, affect a purchaser with constructive notice of a lessor’s title. Therefore, if a person equitably entitled to an estate let it to a tenant who takes possession, and then the person — 387 — having the legal estate sells to a person who purchases bona fide and without notice of the equitable claim, the purchaser will hold against the equitable owner, although he had notice of the tenant being in possession”: 2 Sugden, Vendors, 560. The doctrine of Mr. Sugden was followed by Mr. Justice Story, in Flagg v. Mann, 2 Sumn. 486, 530 (Fed. Cas. No. 4,847), wherein he held that constructive notice from possession does not extend beyond the title of the party in possession, although the learned justice substantially admitted that the rule is supported only by the ability of the author. Upon the dictum of Mr. Sugden, and the decision of Flagg v. Mann, the rule is taken for granted in Beatie v. Butler, 21 Mo. 313 (64 Am. Dec. 234), and Smith v. Dall, 13 Cal. 510. The latter case, however, was subsequently overruled in Dutton v. Warschauer, 21 Cal. 609 (82 Am. Dec. 765), and the opposite doctrine is the law in Iowa, Illinois, New York, Nebraska, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California: Dickey v. Lyon, 19 Iowa, 544; Mallett v. Kaehler, 141 Ill. 70 (30 N. E. 549); Bank of Orleans v. Flagg, 3 Barb. Ch. 316; Conlee v. McDowell, 15 Neb. 184 (18 N. W. 60); Edwards v. Thompson, 71 N. C. 177; Wickes v. Lake, 25 Wis. 71; Wright v. Wood, 23 Pa. 120; Woods v. Farmere, 7 Watts, 382 (32 Am. Dec. 772); Morrison v. March, 4 Minn. 422; Thompson v. Pioche, 44 Cal. 508; Fair v. Stevenot, 29 Cal. 486. The question was considered by Mr. Justice Cole in Dickey v. Lyon, 19 Iowa, 544, and reference is made to the opinion in that case for an able and exhaustive discussion of the subject, in the light of both principle and authority. The conclusion reached by him was that “a person who purchases an estate in the possession of another than his vendor is in equity, that is, in good faith, bound to inquire of such possessor what right he has in the estate. If he fails to make such inquiry, which ordinary good faith requires of him, equity charges — 388 — him with notice of all the facts that such inquiry would disclose. Suppose the possessor is a tenant holding under a lease; an inquiry of such tenant would advise the purchaser, not only of the length of time and terms of tenancy, but also of the landlord, and hence that some other person than his proposed vendor claimed a right to the estate, and was holding possession thereof by his tenant. Being thus advised, equity, in vindication of ordinary good faith, requires him to ascertain the extent of right of such landlord in the estate.” This doctrine is supported by the overwhelming wrnight of authority, and it may, we think, be regarded as practically settled, in this country, that the possession of a tenant of real property is sufficient to put an intending purchaser on inquiry. From that fact alone he will be charged with notice of the landlord’s title, unless it be shown that he pursued the inquiry with reasonable diligence, and failed to acquire knowledge of such title. Indeed, as said by Mr. Chief Justice Field, in Dutton v. Warschauer, 21 Cal. 609 (92 Am. Dec. 765): “ It is not easy to give to the fact of possession any influence as notice without making it notice of all such matters as a prudent man, desirous of purchasing the property, would naturally inquire about respecting the title. Ascertaining that the possession of the occupant is that of a tenant, he would, in the ordinary course of things, proceed to inquire as to the title of the landlord.” The possession of Gans was therefore sufficient to put the defendant upon inquiry, and to charge him with notice of the title under which Gans was holding at the time of his purchase. 2. This brings us to an examination of the second branch of the question. If the relation of landlord and tenant between O. P. Randall and Gans had ceased, and such a relationship had been established between T. J. Randall and Gans prior to the time of defendant’s purchase, the latter’s possession would have been notice only — 389 — of the title under which he was then holding, and not of the rights of his previous landlord. It is therefore important to ascertain whether he had ceased to be the tenant of O. P. Randall. From the facts it appears that Gans did not surrender possession to T. J. Randall, or make a new lease with him, nor did he notify the successors in interest of O. P. Randall of the demand made upon him for rent, or of an intention to attorn to T. J. Randall. All he did was to pay the latter rent for March and April. The mere payment of rent, however, is not of itself sufficient to establish the relation of landlord and tenant. It is but evidence of such a relationship, and often satisfactory as such. But where one in possession of property under a lease from one person agrees to and does pay the rent to another, such payment, if made under a misconception of the facts, does not create the relation of landlord and tenant between him and the payee. In order for mere payment of rent to constitute a tenancy, it must be paid in the capacity of a tenant. If paid in any other capacity, it does not have that effect: Wood, Landl. & Ten. § 4; 1 Taylor, Landl. & Ten. (8 ed.) § 23 ; Strahan v. Smith, 4 Bing. 90; Gregory v. Doidge, 3 Bing. 473; Doe d. Higginbotham v. Barten, 11 Adolph. & Ell. 307. It is therefore doubtful, under the facts, whether the payment of rent by Gans to T. J. Randall operated as an attornment, or estopped him from denying Randall’s title. But if it be assumed that such was the effect of the arrangement between them, it still did not destroy the relation of landlord and tenant between Gans and O. P. Randall. A tenant must respect his landlord’s title. He cannot attorn to a person who is not in privity with such title, and if he attempts to do so it has no validity as against the landlord or his representative or grantee : Wood, Landl. & Ten. § 541, p. 929 ; 1 Taylor, Landl. & Ten. (8 ed.) § 180. Indeed, Mr. Justice Campbell thinks that an agreement by a lessee to pay rent to a third — 390 — person who has no title is invalid for want of a consideration. He says, in Fuller v. Sweet, 30 Mich. 237 (18 Am. Rep. 122): “Where a person in possession agrees by parol to pay money to a person out of possession, and who has no title, it is impossible to find any sensible ground for sustaining such a promise which would not sustain any other promise made without consideration. Where there is an indenture, there is, at common law, a presumed consideration. Where there is possession given, there is an actual consideration, which may render it also reasonable enough, under ordinary circumstances, to require the landlord to be put back in statu quo. But a person who never had .or gave up possession to the tenant is left in statu quo by the tenant’s remaining in possession, and in reason should have no further claim. If he has, it must be by some peculiar and anomalous rule, for which we have found no support.” If, however, it be conceded that one in possession of land under a lease may attorn to a third person, it would seem that the only effect would be to estop him from denying the title either of his landlord or such third person : Hamilton v. Pittock, 158 Pa. 457 (27 Atl. 1079); Carter v. Marshall, 72 ill. 609; Lyon v. Washburn, 3 Colo. 201. Whatever, therefore, the legal relationship of Gans and T. J. Randall may have been at the time of the defendant’s purchase, Gans was, notwithstanding, the tenant of O. P. Randall, to the extent that the defendant was chargeable by his possession with knowledge of the plaintiff’s equities in the property, as an inquiry of Gans would have naturally disclosed the true state of affairs. 3. It is argued that in cases of this character the court acts upon conscience, and that it is only upon the ground of mala fides that a purchaser for value is affected with the notice of a prior claim. Such is undoubtedly the rule where it is sought to charge him with notice on account of rumors or reports concerning the title : Raymond v. Flavel, 27 Or. — 391 — 219 (40 Pac. 158); Bowman v. Metzger, 27 Or. 23 (39 Pac. 3, 44 Pac. 1090); Crossen v. Oliver, 37 Or. 514 (61 Pac. 885). But where the property at the time of the purchase is in possession of a stranger, the physical facts are such as to put the purchaser upon inquiry, and, if he fail to make such inquiry, he is in law chargeable with bad faith, and cannot claim the rights of a bona fide purchaser. 4. Again, it is said that if the defendant had acted upon the notice imputed by Gans’ possession, and made inquiry of him concerning the title, he would not have been able to ascertain the true state of facts, as Gans did not know of the unrecorded deed. An inquiry, if made, would have disclosed the fact that Gans was and had been for many years holding possession of the property as the tenant of O. P. Randall, and that would have been notice of some claim or right in his landlord, the nature and character of which the defendant was in duty bound to endeavor to ascertain. However, he made no inquiry, and he is therefore chargeable with knowledge of the actual condition of the title. If he had exercised due diligence in attempting to ascertain the outstanding title, and had been unable to do so, a different question would have been presented ; but as he made no attempt of the kind, he is not in a position to urge that such inquiry would probably have been unavailing. 5. And, finally, it is argued'that the possession of Gans was not notice to the defendant of the title of O. P. Randall, because of the rule announced in Exon v. Dancke, 24 Or. 110 (32 Pac. 1045), that the continued possession of land by the grantor is not notice to a bona fide purchaser from the grantee of any claim to the property by the grantor. There is authority for holding that this rule does not apply where a grantor remains in continuous possession long after the recording of the deed: Bennett v. Robinson, 27 Mich. 26; Stevens v. Hulin, 53 Mich. 93 (18 N. W. 569). — 392 — But whatever the rule may be upon that point, the doctrine can have no application here, because the grantor himself did not remain in possession of the property. Gans’ possession was sufficient to put the defendant upon inquiry as to the rights under which he was holding, and as such inquiry, if prosecuted, would presumably have disclosed his landlord’s title, the defendant is chargeable with notice thereof. We are of the opinion, therefore, that the plaintiffs are entitled to the relief demanded, and the decree of the court below must be affirmed. Aeeirmed.