Miller v. Wattier

Mr. Justice Wolverton, after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court. The complaint is challenged at the outset as not stating facts sufficient to constitute a cause of suit. This question seems to us to have been made here for the first time, but is now strenuously insisted upon, and commands consideration. The contention centers about the allegation that the sale was made on due application of John F. Miller; it being urged that this is but a conclusion of law, and not an ultimate and issuable fact, and was therefore wholly insufficient to support the decree. It is suggested that, as a good pleading, it should have set .out the qualifications of the applicant to take under the law, and his subsequent compliance with the conditions imposed upon a purchaser from the State of such lands. This involves an examination of the several acts of the legislature of this State bearing upon the subject. Section 3 of the act of 1870 (Laws 1870, pp. 54, 55), provided for the sale of swamp and overflowed lands at a price not less than one dollar per acre, and that any person over the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen of the United States, or having filed his declaration to become such, might become an applicant to purchase upon filing his application for the tract desired, describing it. It further provided that within ninety days after public notice of the application, approval, and filing of maps and descriptions of the lands selected as swamp and overflowed, 20 per centum of the purchase money should be paid to the commissioner, whose duty it was to issue to him a receipt therefor; the balance to be paid on proof of reclamation. It was further provided by the same section that, in case of adverse applicant's for the same tract or parcel, it should be the duty of the commissioner to sell the same to the legal applicant therefor whose application was first filed. Section 4, p. 56, provided that patent should issue upon — 350 — proof that the land had been drained.or otherwise made fit for cultivation, and the payment of the balance of the purchase money, but that, if no such proof or payment had been made at the expiration of ten years from and after the first payment, then that the land should revert to the State, and the money paid therefor be forfeited. Section 6, p. 56, provided that, in case the office of commissioner of lands was not created by law, the provisions of the act should be executed by the board of commissioners for the sale of school and university lands. By section 9 of the act of 1878 (Laws 1878, pp. 41, 46), all applications for purchase made previous to the passage of the act, which had not been regularly made in accordance with law, or had not been fully complied with, including the payment of 20 per centum of the purchase money, were thereby declared void and of no effect. By section 2 of the act of 1887 (Laws 1887, p. 10), all swamp or overflowed lands sold in pursuance of the act of 1870 which have not been reclaimed or paid for in accordance with the provisions thereof are declared forfeited, and the certificates of sale void, and the board of commissioners is authorized to cancel the sale. But section 5 provides that any legal applicant who has complied with the provisions of the act of 1870, including the payment of 20 per centum of the purchase price, prior to January 17, 1879, shall, without reclamation, upon payment of the balance of the purchase price, be entitled to, and shall receive, a deed for the land, provided that'such payment be made prior to January 1, 1889, and provided further, that no deed shall issue to any one person for more than 640 acres. 1. This is not a suit against the board of commissioners for the sale of school and university lands, to require it to .issue a patent, but is to determine, as between the plaintiff and defendant, who has the better right to the legal title, which has passed out of the State, and became vested in — 351 — the defendant. Plaintiff based his right upon his certificate of sale, which he alleged that his predecessor received from the board upon payment of 20 per centum of the purchase price, and a compliance with the law by payment of the balance of such purchase price to the State of Oregon on April 18,1882. Under the provisions of section 3 of the act of 1870, only legal applicants were entitled to purchase swamp land; and, to constitute one such an applicant, he must have been over twenty-one years of age, and a citizen of the United States, or have filed his declaration to become such—a very simple qualification. It was the duty of the board of commissioners to determine as to this, and it was given the authority to decide as betwmen adverse applicants, in which case it was required to sell to the legal applicant whose application was first filed. Thus the board was clothed with the power to sell and the authority to determine as to the fitness and qualifications of the applicant to purchase under the act; it being the agent of the State, with restricted authority, for the sale and disposition of its public lands. It is more than an agent. It is part of the administrative department of the government—made so by the constitution. But its pow'er to dispose of the public domain is subject to the control of the legislative department. It exercises its power, however, independent of the judiciary department, and its decisions are not subject to revision by the courts. “It occupies in this State,” says Mr. Justice Boise in Corpe v. Brooks, 8 Or. 222, 224, “the same relation to the state judiciary as the land department of the United States does to the United States courts. * * But the courts may, on a proper showing, decree that the patentee holds the land as the trustee of one having a better right in equity.” To the same purpose is Robertson v. State Land Board, 42 Or. 183 (70 Pac. 614). 2. Acting in pursuance, therefore, of the duty and re — 352 — strictions imposed, a certificate of sale, when granted, or a receipt of the board acknowledging the first payment of 20 per centum of the purchase price, is at least prima facie evidence, if not more, that the applicant was duly qualified’ to purchase, for we must assume that such certificate or receipt would not have been issued or given -without a due compliance by the applicant with the statute. Having been issued or given after the time for determination as to the applicant’s qualifications, it is paramount to a certification that he possessed the necessary fitness, as to age and citizenship, to become a purchaser. Now, the plaintiff, as we have seen, based his right to the patent upon his certificate of purchase, and his subsequent compliance with the law in making final payment; and it was therefore only necessary for him to allege, as has been done here, that upon due application made for the purchase of the land, and a payment of 20 per centum of the'purchase price, the board issued to him a certificate, which stands as its determination as to his fitness to become a purchaser, and any inquiry that is to go behind the certificate must be inaugurated by the defendant. The case of Stewart v. Altstock, 22 Or. 182 (29 Pac. 553), is not an authority against this view. It is simply not in point here. There the settler had no receipt or certificate from any authorized officer showing compliance with the law, but was depending alone upon a settlement upon the land; and, .having failed to show by the allegations of his complaint that he was qualified to take as a homestead settler, the court very aptly decided that the complaint was insufficient. It is well to say in this connection, however, that a copy of the application presented to the board, upon which the sale was made and the certificate issued, is in evidence, and it shows.that the purchaser was legally capacitated to purchase at the time, so that not oiiN is the — 353 — complaint sufficient in the respect criticised, but the proof supports the determination of the board. 3. The next question presented is whether the plaintiff’s predecessor complied with the further requirements of the law in completing the purchase; it being urged on the part of counsel for defendant that he was in default, and that the land reverted to the State, and was again subject to sale when the defendant obtained his patent. As to the final payment, the complaint shows what the fact is proven to be, that it was made April 18,1882. The only evidence touching the matter is the receipt of the clerk of the board, indorsed upon the back of the certificate, which is as follows: “ Salem, April 18, 1882. Received on the within the sum of $488.93, being the balance of the purchase price of the within described lands. By order of the Board of this day. E. P. McCornack, Clerk of Board.” The certificate shows a purchase of 611.16 anres, the tract in question being included therewith, and the payment indicated by the receipt, added to the $122.23 shown to have been paid by the certificate of sale, exactly equals the full purchase price of the whole at one dollar per acre. There is not a scintilla of evidence to show that this latter payment was made at any earlier date than that indicated by the receipt. Ten years and more had elapsed, therefore, from the time of the first payment before the last was made. It is not claimed that any reclamation of the land was ever made, so there was an absolute failure to comply with the act of 1870 ; and, without more, we are clear that the land reverted to the State, and the purchaser incurred a forfeiture of the first payment. It was competent for the State to make time of payment and reclamation the essence of the contract (Pennoyer v. McConnaughy, 140 U. S. 1, 11 — 354 — Sup. Ct. 699 ; Husbands v. Mosier, 26 Or. 55, 62, 37 Pac. 80), and the language employed shows an unmistakable intendment to do so. The declaration of the legislature is that, “ at the expiration of ten years from and after his first payment, all swamp lands claimed by an applicant, upon which no such proof of reclamation and payment has been made, shall revert to the State, and the money paid thereon shall be forfeited Laws 1870, p. 56, § 4. Language could hardly be more explicit for the purpose of indicating that time was intended to be of the essence of the contract, and that an absolute reversion and forfeiture should take place if the conditions of the sale in the respects alluded to were not absolutely observed. Nor was it necessary that the forfeiture be judicially declared before the board could sell to another purchaser. It took place ipso facto upon the nonobservance of the conditions of the sale, and the purchaser at once lost all right or interest therein : Borland v. Lewis, 43 Cal. 569. 4. Beyond this, some reliance is had upon section 9 of the act of 1878 as a direct declaration of forfeiture. But its provisions did not affect the case at bar, as the first payment had been made in full accord with the act of 1870 under which the application was filed. The board has itself placed a construction upon that section, which has met with the approval of the Supreme Court of the United States (Pennoyer v. McConnaughy, 140 U. S. 1, 11 Sup. Ct. 699), showing that the intendment was to declare all applications void and of no effect where the applicant had not paid the 20 per centum of the purchase price in accordance with the act of 1870; that is, where such payments had not been made at the time thereby specified. It therefore did not affect the title of the applicant, as in the present case the payment was timely and in accordance with that act. 5. While it was and is perfectly competent for the State — 355 — to impose such terms and conditions as it may deem proper relative to the sale and disposal o! its public lands, it could unquestionably, if it saw fit, waive a forfeiture : Borland v. Lewis, 43 Cal. 569. Whether the board could make such a waiver without authority from the legislature is not clear. If it could, the receipt of the last payment after the ten years had fully elapsed would be a persuasive circumstance, indicative of its purpose to do so. Plaintiff’s cause, however, has not to depend upon that, for the legislature has itself, by section 5 of the act of 1887 (Laws 1887, pp. 9, 10, § 5), by explicit and positive declaration, waived both the reversion and the forfeiture. It applies to any legal applicant who had complied with the provisions of the act of October 26, 1870, including the payment of the 20 per centum of the purchase price prior to January 17, 1879, and declares that such an one, without reclamation, upon the payment of the balance of the purchase price prior to January 1, 1889, shall receive a deed for the land, provided, further, that no deed shall issue to any one person for more than 640 acres. Plaintiff’s predecessor was clearly within this statute. His first payment was made in 1872, his second in 1882, and the amount of land for which the patent or deed is sought is less than 640 acres. Being relieved of making reclamation, he has complied with every feature of this late act, and the waiver of forfeiture in his behalf is operative to entitle him to a deed. 6. To overcome this condition, it is alleged in behalf of defendant, by way of separate defense, that he purchased from the board in good faith, for value, and without any intimation or notice of plaintiff’s claim or right to the land. His deed was executed and delivered to him by the board January 9, 1893. At the time of its execution and delivery the board was evidently of the impression that Miller had absolutely forfeited all right to a deed, super-induced by the mistaken idea that Miller had not made — 356 — the second payment, when, as a matter of fact, he liad made such payment—not within the time prescribed by the act of 1870, it is true, but he had been relieved of the forfeiture thereby incurred, and was entitled notwithstanding to a deed. Why it had not been previously issued to him does not appear, but the fact of payment had somehow been lost sight of. Mr. McCornaelc’s testimony convinces us that Wattier had notice of Miller’s rights in the premises. He says: “I showed him the record, which disclosed the fact that this lot had been sold to John F. Miller—on the certificate of sale I think twenty per cent of the purchase price had been paid—and that the balance of the purchase price had been paid by Mr. Miller. My recollection just as to the details of that is not distinct. It is the general idea that he called as to the condition of the land, and was informed.” On cross-examination he further says: “I do not remember distinctly what words we used. He called, and my recollection is that he was fully informed as to the condition of the land, but just what was said by either of us I do not remember.” Aside from this, Wattier’s testimony shows that he and Miller had had litigation with reference to the drainage of this particular piece of land, with other swamp lands in the neighborhood. He took counsel, however, before buying, and was advised that he could purchase with safety, but by some oversight his counsel were not made aware of the indorsement of the last payment upon Miller’s certificate; otherwise the advice would evidently not have been given. The fact remains, however, that Wattier knew of it, or should have known of it. He denies that Miller ever claimed the land, or ever filed on it, but in this he is in error, as every other person connected with the matter who testifies in the case concedes as much, and his deed was given him upon the mistaken idea that this particular tract had lapsed and had become again subject to sale, when in reality it had not. — 357 — We are clear that Wattier had such notice and knowledge of the condition of the title as to exclude the idea that he took as an innocent purchaser, and the plaintiffs here are therefore entitled to the relief sought. Affirmed.