Brown v. Gold Coin Mining Co.

Mr. Justice Moore delivered the opinion of the court. 1. The testimony given at the trial shows that the defendant in excavating three terraces on a side hill for the foundations of its mill, placed the rocks and earth so removed in the bed — 280 — of Ritli Creek, intending to form a dam to retain the tailings. H. J. Stillman, who constructed the dam, testifying as to its dimensions, says it was about 50 feet long, extending across the creek, 30 feet wide, and 8 or 10 feet high and backed the water about 100 feet. The boughs of some trees were used in making the dam, and referring thereto the witness, C. M. Foster, a civil engineer, was asked this question: “How much brush or other obstructions did you find in the channel of Rith Creek at or near the defendant’s quartz mill?” He replied: “Well, there were one or two armfuls. I think a man could take the brush up in his arms. The brush was lying across the creek and the water running under. I would not say whether it had been placed there purposely or not.” T. H. White, the president of the defendant corporation, as its witness, testified that the brush used in the dam could not be seen except at the top of the embankment, and describing the obstruction to the flow of water and the material of which it was composed, he said: “The main dam consists of large bowlders taken from the excavation and brush that was torn down and taken away from the excavation and thrown into the bed of the creek, together with the dumping of the material taken from the excavation; so the body of the dam, the slum dam, consists of brush and cottonwood trees taken near by, cut down and placed across the stream to prevent tailings from going down the creek. Q. About how many armfuls or cords of such brush or trees was used in the construction of the slum dam ? A. It would only be an estimate.' The exact amount I do not know for the man who did it, done it when I was not there. I wasn’t there all of the time. Q. Did you see it after it was done and before the mill was run? A. I did. Q. What would be your estimate of the number of cords used in the construction of this ? A. Perhaps one half a cord of brush of cotton wood trees. Q. And with that placed where, with reference to the main dam? A. At the upper- end of the main dam, and directly across the stream.” — 281 — C. B. Johnson, as defendant’s witness, stated that the dam referred to was constructed of timbers 12 by 12 inches square, of various lengths, logs and planks, but as his testimony in respect to such lumber is uncorroborated by that of any other witness, we think the declarations under oath of Stillman and of White as to the material of which the dam was made, are entitled to more respect. The testimony of Johnson must therefore be disregarded, for he evidently had some other dam in mind. The testimony further shows that when this cause was tried in December, 1905, the water of Rith Creek had cut out one end of the dam at the mill so that no pond remained, thus demonstrating the faulty construction of the dam, which defect is clearly evidenced by the testimony of White and justifies the court’s finding that the dam was not sufficient properly to impound the tailings from the mill, a part of which escaped and was carried down'the creek to the head of plaintiff’s ditch. It will be remembered that the defendant began operating its mill November 5, 1905. At that time the ground in the vicinity of Rith Creek was frozen. Several witnesses who have had experience in irrigating arid lands in that part of the State, testified that the artificial application of water at such a time to an alfalfa meadow is detrimental to the crop. The plaintiff maintains in Rith Creek a dam having a head gate which when closed raises the water and forces it into his lower or north ditch. When this gate is open and the volume of water is sufficient, the deep banks of the creek and its fall give the current such a velocity that it carries all tailings placed in the stream into Shirt Tail Creek and thence into Burnt River. The plaintiff, as a witness in his own behalf, testified that this head gate had not been opened since May, 1905, and was not raised while the defendant operated its mill, during which time his north ditch, for about 300 yards from its head, was filled with tailings, and sediment was deposited on about four acres of his alfalfa meadow. His testimony in respect to the condition of the head gate is questioned by the declaration of several witnesses who say that a slimy deposit was seen on the banks of — 282 — the creek immediately below his dam, which stain would not have been in evidence if the gate had been closed all the time, and also by showing that mud had been banked up against the head gate to prevent any leaks therein, thus showing an effort on the part of. some one to magnify the injury which forms the basis of equitable intervention in this suit. Whether or not the head gate was open when the mill was started and was shut while the defendant was pulverizing ore or remained closed all the time the machinery was operated, we do not think it important to consider, for the plaintiff, having no use for the water to irrigate his alfalfa when the ground was frozen, should have raised the gate, if it was closed as he maintains. T. D. Moffat, as defendant’s witness, testified that while the mill was in operation he, with B. D. Murphy, met the plaintiff, who, referring to the defendant’s agents, said "I am irrigating now for their benefit,” which declaration is corroborated by the testimony of Murphy. The plaintiff denies the statement thus imputed to him, but his testimony must be taken with some misgivings for 11 witnesses say that' his reputation for truth and veracity is bad. Other witnesses called by the plaintiff say that his reputation in this respect is either good or that they never heard it questioned. We think the testimony justifies the court’s finding that the injury complained of by the plaintiff on account of the tailings deposited in his ditches and ón his meadow was caused by his closing the head gate of the dam or by permitting it to remain closed at a time when he did not need the water for irrigation. 2. The court based its decree dismissing the suit on the ground that the plaintiff contributed to the injury of which he complains bjr shutting down the head gate of his dam or by permitting it to remain closed when he had no occasion to use the water of Kith Creek. It should be assumed that the operation of the defendant’s mill will be continued until the valuable quartz in its mines has been removed and the ore extracted therefrom, and that such work will probably be pursued until it ceases to be profitable. This being so, the dumping of tailings in the creek, during the irrigating season, with no more pro — 283 — tection against injury therefrom than the defendant’s dam affords, will practically destroy plaintiff’s farm, so that, based on the fact 'found by the court as to the insufficiency of that dam properly to retain tailings, the conclusion of law deducible therefrom should have been a decree enjoining the defendant from operating its mill in the irrigating season, or from permitting the tailings, during that period of the year, to flow down the channel of the creek, thus compelling the defendant to erect and maintain a sufficient dam: Carson v. Hayes, 39 Or. 97 (65 Pac. 814); York v. Davidson, 39 Or. 81 (65 Pac. 819). 3. The cause being tried in this court anew, such a decree should now be rendered, unless the plaintiff by his conduct, is estopped to assert his prior right of appropriation of the waters of Rith Creek. T. H. White testified that in March, 1905, while he and his associates were developing the mining claims on Rith Creek with a view of buying them, he met the plaintiff, who expressed the wish that the value of the property might justify the building of a quartz mill thereon. As a basis for the equitable estoppel relied upon we quote from White’s testimony as follows: “During my conversation with Mr. Brown I asked him, in the event our company should erect a mill above his place, if he would object to the muddy water or tailings or debris that might come from such place. Mr. Brown replied that he would not; that it would be beneficial to him for the reason that his ground lying on a hillside, and quite a grade under his ditches, it being of a loose decomposed formation, the water as it was used, or as he had used it, cut away and made trenches which exposed the roots of his alfalfa, and that if there was a mill above his place that the sediment, slimes and tailings would be beneficial to his land; would also be beneficial to his ditches, they would aid the water in flowing through the ditches, bottling the bottoms of them, making them tighter so that they would carry water further, and that the muddy water, sediment and slime deposited upon his lands would seal the pores of the land and hold the loam or surface from being cut by the action of the water, and would thereby be beneficial.” White also testified, in effect, that he explained to his associates the plaintiff’s representations in respect to the waiver of his rights and that, relying thereon, the defendant corporation — 284 — paid $15,000 for the mining claims and expended the further sum of $17,000 in erecting the mill. The plaintiff denies that he made such representations, but, as his reputation for truth is challenged as hereinbefore indicated, it must be assumed that the evidence on this branch of the case preponderates in favor of the defendant. The evidence shows that the plaintiff was employed by the defendant about its mill; that he knew it was being constructed to reduce eres and made no objection to the erection thereof. Such tacit acquiescence, however, is not sufficient to create an equitable estoppel: Lavery v. Arnold, 36 Or. 84 (57 Pac. 906, 58 Pac. 524); Hallock v. Suitor, 37 Or. 9 (60 Pac. 384); Ewing v. Rhea, 37 Or. 583 (62 Pac. 790, 52 L. R. A. 140, 82 Am. St. Rep. 783); Bolter v. Garrett, 44 Or. 304 (75 Pac. 142). To produce such an impediment, the evidence must conclusively show that money has been expended or labor performed in makpursuant to an agreement of the parties, in relation to the exercise of some right over or easement in the lands of another, or some joint participation of the parties in the enterprise from which a license to do the particular act relied upon may reasonably be inferred: Garrett v. Bishop, 27 Or. 349 (41 Pac. 10); North Powder M. Co. v. Coughanour, 34 Or. 9 (54 Pac. 223); McPhee v. Kelsey, 44 Or. 193 (74 Pac. 401, 75 Pac. 713.) The relation of master and servant does. not constitute the joint participation in a common enterprise that is necessary to raise an estoppel by conduct, to create which the party against whom the legal bar is asserted must have taken an active part in the adventure, in consideration of the anticipated benefits which he expected would accrue to him from the completion of the undertaking. The plaintiff’s employment by the defendant was, therefore, insufficient to bind him in any manner by his silence. The- advantages that the plaintiff contemplated would be derived by the puddling of his ditches with sediment, so as to make them safe conduits of water, furnished an adequate consideration for the parol license .which, by express agreement, he granted. Such privilege must have been founded on the hypothesis that the tailings from defendant’s mill would — 285 — be retained in a safe impounding dam until the greater part of the slums had been precipitated, when the water, though somewhat muddy, could be liberated and would flow to the head of plaintiff’s ditches and thence upon his lands, and there used without injury in irrigating his crops. The testimony shows that this method of operating a slum dam can be pursued without serious detriment to persons who use the water of a stream for irrigation below the artificial pond where tailings are held. The dirt, rocks and brush which the defendant dumped into the bed of the creek did not constitute such a dam as the plaintiff might reasonably have expected would be constructed. 4. The testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses is to the effect that the water which he has heretofore required for household purposes and for his stock has been obtained from Shirt Tail Creek below the mouth of Rith Creek, and that the tailings from the defendant’s mill so polluted the former stream as to fender the water thereof impure and to compel him to secure it for the purposes indicated at other places, thereby damaging him. The plaintiff was asked this question: “Prior to defendant’s operations, where and how did you get the water that you used for household purposes?” He replied: “Got it out of the creek below the house about 40 feet; took it out of the creek; dipped it up out of the creek.” This witness further testified that there were times when he obtained water from other sources but when winter approached he was obliged to secure it from Shirt Tail Creek for household purposes and for his stock; that after the defendant began operating its mill, he dug a hole in the bank of the creek, about 150 feet from his house, and got seepage water from the muddy current of the stream that was not fit to drink; and that he was compelled to drive his stock 150 yards to water when prior thereto they had secured it in the barnyard without attention. As an inference tending to disprove the plaintiff’s declaration upon oath that he procured water for domestic purposes from Shirt Tail Creek, the evidence discloses that he had a hog pen — 286 — in the bed of Bith Creek just above its confluence with that stream. He admits on rebuttal that he had such a sty at the place indicated, but testifies that it had not been used for the purpose for which it was made since the previous winter, his hogs having been kept out of the inclosure so that he might use the water. The court alluded to such pen and found that on plaintiff’s premises water could be secured from other sources which was not contaminated by the defendant’s mill and which he could use for household and stock purposes. The testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses is to the effect that in 1905 the creeks dried up in July, which was uncommon; that a spring rises in the bed of Bith Creek near its mouth that affords some water in the dry season; that the creeks rose before water could be secured from other sources and that from the operation of the defendant’s mill the water in the creeks became so muddy that plaintiff’s stock would not drink it. The plaintiff, being a riparian proprietor on Bith Creek, was entitled to have that stream flow through his premises undiminished in quantity, except as to the reasonable use thereof by other like proprietors, and unimpaired in quality,, and because he might possibly secure water for his family and for his stock at other places on his land than the streams mentioned, does not impose on him the duty of resorting thereto to supply his needs, in order that a quartz mill may be operated. Mining is a legitimate industry, and as the securing of precious metals conduces to the general wealth of the country, every reasonable rule of law should be invoked and applied to foster the enterprise. Farming in the arid region is as much entitled to protection ate any other business. These and other like employments requiring the use of water from nonnavigable streams should be simultaneously conducted if possible. Where, however, a priority exists in the use of water, the party who makes a subsequent appropriation for any purpose inconsistent therewith must yield to the party possessing the superior right.' The evidence shows that the material pulverized by the defendant’s mill consists of quartz and decomposed granite, the reduction of which by stamps produces a fine clean sand that would not seriously — 287 — deteriorate the quality of the water of the stream into which it was deposited. A text-writer, commenting upon the character of such substance, says: “The tailings from an ordinary quartz mill, when discharged into the running streams, have no greater tendency to deteriorate the quality of the water than the material washed from the natural banks. As a physical impediment they are comparatively harmless. They are fine particles of sand artificially produced, but of the same character as that washed into the streams from the rocks eroded by processes of nature which are universal”: 2 Lindley, Mines (2 ed.), p. 1527. Believing that the quartz and granite can be pulverized and the tailings impounded by the construction and maintenance of a proper dam, the decree of the lower court will be reversed, and one entered here perpetually restraining the defendant, its agents and servants, from the further operation of its mill until it has made suitable provision to prevent injury to plaintiffs irrigating ditches, and to the water used by him from the creeks for household and for stock purposes. 5. The plaintiff may recover his costs and disbursements in this court and in the court below. Reversed.