Hanley v. City of Medford

Mr. Justice Slater delivered the opinion of the court. 1. The material facts of the case having been admitted by the answer, there are but two questions of the law to be considered and determined, namely: (1) Is the judgment of condemnation void, as the act of a court unknown to the law; and (2), if it is void, will this suit lie? We answer both of these questions in the affirmative. A judgment to be valid and binding must be the decision or sentence of the law pronounced by a court or other competent tribunal upon a matter contained in the record. 1 Freeman, Judgment, § 2. The element of this definition, peculiarly applicable to the question in hand, is this: Was the decision in this case, which purports to be a judgment of a court, pronounced by a person then invested with judicial authority? “A court consists of persons officially assembled under authority of law at the appropriate time and place for the administering of justice.” Marsden v. Harlocker, 48 Or. 90, 97 (85 Pac. 328, 331: 120 Am. St. Rep. 786.) To constitute a lawful court, therefore, the persons who assume to hold such court and dispense justice must be officially assembled under authority of law, and the court must be held at the appropriate time and place appointed by law therefor. If the person assuming to act as judge was not then invested with judicial authority (that is, with the power of the law to declare and record its mandates), then his acts in attempt — 176 — ing so to do are of no consequence whatever, and are void. And if he were fully invested with judicial authority, so as to make his pronouncement of the law effective, still the time and place of holding the court are equally essential; for, when the law prescribes the time and place for the holding of court, then time and place are as essential limitations of jurisdiction, as are subject-matter and parties. Ex parte Branch & Co., 63 Ala. 383; McCool v. State, 7 Ind. 378; Brumley v. State, 20 Ark. 77; Norwood v. Kenfield, 34 Cal. 329, 332; Ex paxrte De Hay, 3 S. C. 567. 2. To determine the question presented, it will be necessary to consider some provisions of the fundamental law: “The Supreme Court shall consist of four justices, to be chosen in districts by the electors thereof, who shall be citizens of the United States, and who shall have resided in the State at least three years next preceding their election, and after their election, to reside in their respective districts. The number of justices and districts may be increased, but shall not exceed five, until the white population of the State shall amount to one hundred thousand, and shall never exceed seven; and the boundaries of districts may be changed, but no change of district shall have the effect to remove a judge from office, or require him to change his residence without his consent.” Article VII, § 2, Constitution of Oregon. Section 8 of Article VII provides that: “The circuit court shall be held twice, at least, in each year, in each county organized for judicial purposes, by one of the justices of the Supreme Court, at times to be appointed by law; and at such other times as may be appointed by the judges severally, in pursuance of law.” This'latter section was intended to determine the person authorized to hold the court, and to require that it be held at particular times. As to the person, it is required that the circuit court be held by one of the justices of the Supreme Court, but it is not clearly expressed by which justice it is to be held in each particular county; yet we — 177 — think it plainly inferable from the language of other sections of that instrument, that it was intended that each justice of the Supreme Court was to be ex officio judge of the circuit court of the district in which he was elected; for the several justices of the Supreme Court were required, not only to be elected in separate districts, but, after their election, to reside in their respective districts. Article VII, § 2, Constitution of Oregon. We understand that to have been the interpretation of Section 8 by this court, when, in deciding the case of Cline v. Greenwood, 10 Or. 230, 232, Mr. Justice Lord in delivering the opinion made use of the following language: “Although called Supreme Judges, they were not elected by the whole body of voters from the State, but by the voters from each judicial district from which they were chosen. They were ‘justices of the Supreme Court’ — five in number — and the offices they held were of such character and like number, for it was as justices of the Supreme Court that the duty of holding a circuit court in each county in their judicial districts devolved upon them under the constitution.” That section of the fundamental law of this State has always been so understood and so construed in practice up to the time the judicial system was changed by the legislature in 1878, providing for the election of circuit and Supreme judges in distinct classes in conformity with Section 10 of Article VII. The ,act by which this was accomplished required a circuit judge to be elected in each of the judicial districts then existing, and to be residents of their respective districts, and prescribed that: “The duties and jurisdiction of said circuit court, and the judges thereof, shall be such as are provided by the constitution and the laws.” Sess. Laws 1878, p. 32, § 7. This latter provision was superfluous, since it does not purport to increase the jurisdiction of the court, or the judges thereof, and it does not require a law to make effective the jurisdiction conferred by the constitution and the — 178 — laws. The result, therefore, was to substitute for the justice of the Supreme Court previously elected from that district, a person elected in each judicial district as judge of the circuit court thereof. Each circuit judge possessed the same jurisdiction and power which previously had been vested in the justice of the Supreme Court, acting as circuit judge for that district, no greater and no less. He was the judge of that court. His general jurisdiction was confined to, but co-extensive with, the limits of his district. This must necessarily” be. Otherwise confusion would result in the exercise of judicial authority by the several judges of the circuit courts. If such were not the case, what necessity was there for the enactment of the law of October 25, 1880 (Sess. Laws 1880, p. 48)? This act consists of two principal sections, which are now Sections 943, 944, B. & C. Comp. By Section 1 of the act, authority is given to each of the several circuit judges of this State to hold circuit court in any of the judicial districts of the State, where, for any reason, the circuit judge, elected for such district, cannot attend or is disqualified to try any cause pending therein at the time appointed for holding said court, or trying said cause; while Section 2 authorizes necessary Orders to be made in any suit or action pending therein by any other circuit judge, in the absence of the judge of the court. It must certainly be plain th'at up to the time of the enactment of this statute it was generally understood that each circuit judge did not possess general and concurrent jurisdiction with all other judges of that class over the entire State, but that the jurisdiction of each was confined to the territorial limits of his district. The very intendment of the act is to enlarge the jurisdiction of a circuit judge beyond the limits of his district. Section 4 of the act expressly declares that “as there is no statute at present granting the authority provided for in this act, and as the same is necessary to a complete administration of the laws,” — 179 — therefore an emergency was declared. It is also equally plain that it was not the intent of the legislature by this act to confer on a circuit judge general and concurrent jurisdiction throughout the State; but a limited and conditional jurisdiction, depending upon the existence of the exigency named therein. No judicial authority can be lawfully exercised thereunder by a circuit judge beyond the limits of his district until the exigency named in the statute exists, and on which its lawful exercise depends. The power given is to hold circuit courts in any of the judicial districts of the State at the time appointed by law or by the judge of the district in pursuance of law. This cannot include power to call a special term of the circuit court because the exercise of the power depends upon the inability of the judge of the district to attend. How can it be said that there is any inability of the judge to attend upon a court that does not legally exist ? If no term has been appointed by law, and none has been called by him in pursuance of law, there is nothing upon which he is required to attend. And to say that some other judge may appoint a term at a time when the judge of the district may not attend, .and create a duty to attend is to say that he himself may create the condition on which the existence of the power he is attempting to exercise depends; that is, that he may invest himself with authority to call a term. And for the same reason an order calling a special term of the circuit court in the district of another judge to try a particular cause is not an order in the action or suit to be so tried, as contemplated by Section 2 of the act, being Section 944, B. & C. Comp. Again, the law has appointed three terms of court to be held each year in Jackson County, as follows: The fourth Monday in March, the first Monday in September, and the second Monday in December. The term at which the judgment in question was rendered was not a regular, but a called, term, — 180 — and its validity is called into question in respect both to the power of Judge Coke to call the term, as well as his power to hold such term in a county of another district than the one in which he was elected. The power to call a term was conferred originally upon the justices of the Supreme Court not acting collectively or together, but severally; that is, upon each individual acting as circuit judge in his respective district, and in reference to the court over which he had authority to preside, and not in respect to the circuit court of some other district, of which he was not primarily ex officio the judge. The word “severally” has been construed to be equivalent in meaning to “respectively.” Supervisors v. Thompson, 61 Fed. 914, 926 (10 C. C. A. 154, 166); Wolf, Adm’r. v. Railway Co., 55 Ohio St. 517, 535 (45 N. E. 708: 36 L. E. A. 812.) This appears to have been the interpretation given to that clause of the constitution by the legislative assembly of 1862, when it adopted the Deady Code, of which Section 864 (now Section 890, B. & C. Comp.) declares: “The circuit courts are created and organized, and their several jurisdictions limited and defined by the organic law of the State. Article VII of the Constitution. The terms of the court are either those appointed by law, or others appointed by the judge of the court.” The peculiar force of the language to which attention is directed comes from the final words, “by the judge of the court,” which specify a particular judge; not “a judge,” or any one of a number of judges, but “the judge of the court.” State ex rel. Canady v. Black, 34 S. C. 194, 201 (13 S. E. 361.) As to the force to be given to the specifying adjective “the,” see the following: Ellis v. Karl, 7 Neb. 381, 386; United States v. Hudson (D. C.), 65 Fed. 68, 71; People v. Hamilton, 58 N. Y. Supp. 584, 586; Scharff v. Commonwealth, 2 Bin. (Pa.) 514, 519; Palmer, Adm’r. v. Kellogg, 11 Gray (Mass.) 27, 28. Un — 181 — der the judicial “system” thus organized by the provisions of the fundamental law, and prevailing prior to 1878, it appears that each justice of the Supreme Court was ex officio the judge of the circuit court of the counties of the district in which he was elected, and the power to call a special term of court therein was vested solely in such judge, and not generally in the justices of the Supreme Court. In 1878 the legislature, in conformity with Section 10, Article VII, Constitution of Oregon, provided by enactment for the election of Supreme and circuit judges in distinct classes, and for the necessary number of judicial districts and circuit judges therein. One judge was to be elected in each of such judicial districts, who was required to be a resident of his respective district. Since then the circuit judges, so elected, have occupied precisely the same position with respect to the circuit courts, and have been invested with the same judicial authority and jurisdiction previously occupied and exercised by the respective justices of the Supreme Court. 3. The order calling a special term was made by Judge Coke by direction of the Governor, acting under authority of Section 5 of the act of February 19, 1909 (Sess. Laws 1909, c. 65), which reads as follows: “The duties and judicial labors of the judge provided for by this act, in addition to those already enumerated in Section 3 hereof, shall be to hold such terms of court and perform such other judicial duties in any of the judicial districts of this State, other than the second, as may be required of him by the Governor of this State; provided, that when such duties are required of him in any judicial district of this State, other than the second, the county judge of the county wherein such duties are required, shall make application to the Governor stating the reason and the necessity of such duties, and the Governor may, in his discretion thereon, direct the said judge to go and perform the same.” — 182 — This act provided for the appointment of an additional circuit judge for the second judicial district, and defined his duties with relation to the two judges then holding offices therein. Horn John S. Coke was appointed by the governor to the office, and at the time of making the order in question he w.as invested with all the judicial power of a circuit judge of the State, and under obligation.to perform the duties imposed by the statute. Previous to this enactment, as we have seen, a circuit judge was clothed with but limited authority (Section 943, B. & C. Comp.) to hold circuit court in any other of the judicial districts of the State than his own (Section 944) to make necessary orders in any suit or action pending in another district. But the exercise by any circuit judge of the limited authority thus conferred was not obligatory, but merely permissive or optional. The intent of Section 5, of the act of 1909, was not to invest him with any additional or unusual judicial authority not previously possessed by all other circuit judges of the State, but to impose upon him an obligation, a duty, of executing the limited powers conferred by Section 943, B. & C. Comp., in any particular instance, when directed so to do by the Governor of the State. The act of 1909 speaks only of “the duties and judicial labors,” and not of the judicial power and authority, of the judge appointed thereunder. It does not authorize the Governor to require of him the performance of some judicial act, which previous to the enactment was not within the official power of any circuit judge. But the sole intent is that he shall be required to hold such terms of court and perform such judicial duties as the law then contemplated he might perform. Therefore we conclude that at the time of the entry of the supposed judgment there was a complete void of authority of law in John S. Coke to create a legal term of court by calling a special term for Jackson County, as well as a lack of power in such person to hold such term. It fol — 183 — lows that the assemblage of persons claiming to act as a court at that time was not a court known to our law, and hence all of the attempted proceedings then had and entered of record were void, and of no effect whatever. Baisley v. Baisley, 15 Or. 183, 184 (13 Pac. 888); Ex parte Branch, 63 Ala. 383, 384; McCool v. State, 7 Ind. 378; Batten v. State, 80 Ind. 394, 397; State v. Ray, 97 N. C. 510, 513 (1 S. E. 876); Brumley v. State, 20 Ark. 77; Norwood v. Kenfield, 34 Cal. 329, 332; Ex parte De Hay, 3 S. C. 564, 567; Gresham v. Ewell, 85 Ya. 1, 3 (6 S. E. 700.) 4. The last point necessary to be considered is whether under the facts of this case and the law as we have found it in respect to the validity of the judgment, a court of equity has jurisdiction to grant the relief prayed for by the complaint. It is urged by the defendant that, although the judgment is void, plaintiff’s remedy was by appeal from the supposed judgment, and that equity will not entertain a suit to set aside or cancel a judgment that upon its face is void. But some of the cases last cited go so far as to say that when there was no court no judgment could by law have been pronounced; that what was done under such circumstances was not only a nullity in the ordinary significance of the term, when applied to judgments of courts having no jurisdiction over the subject-matter or the parties, but is not even the act of a court, and therefore not susceptible of an appeal, or subject to revision in an appellate tribunal. Wicks v. Ludwig, 9 Cal. 173. The writer is inclined to agree with this view of the law, but it is not necessary to rely upon such, principle ; for the plaintiff has alleged and shown that the pretended judgment is a cloud upon his title, and also that under cover thereof the defendant city is about to trespass upon plaintiff’s premises, and dig up and destroy the substance of his estate. This court has held that, when the real purpose of invoking the interposition of equity — 184 — is to prevent a cloud being cast upon plaintiff’s title to real property, jurisdiction will be .assumed... White v. Espey, 21 Or. 328 (28 Pac. 71); George v. Nowlan, 38 Or. 537, 541 (64 Pac. 1). The main purpose of this suit, however, is to restrain the city and its agents and employees from trespassing upon plaintiff’s premises under cover of this void record, and doing that which will amount to a substantial destruction of his estate. There can be no doubt that, under such circumstances, equity will enjoin entries upon land for the purpose of making excavations in the soil against the consent of the owner, and to his irreparable injury. Silsby v. Strong, 38 Or. 36, 38 (62 Pac. 633); Sheridan v. McMullan, 12 Or. 150 (6 Pac. 497); Bishop v. Baisley, 28 Or. 119 (41 Pac. 936); Roots v. Boring Junction Lum. Co., 50 Or. 298 (92 Pac. 811: 94 Pac. 182.) From this conclusion, it must necessarily follow that the decree of the lower court be affirmed; and it is -so ordered. Affirmed.