Armsby v. Grays Harbor Commercial Co.

Opinion by Mr. Chief Justice Eakin. The motion for judgment of nonsuit, filed by Courteney, specifies six grounds therefor; the third being that “plaintiff’s evidence shows that on October 12, 1906, plaintiff was in default for nonpayment of the moneys due for shooks purchased and delivered under said contract, and that while in default plaintiff canceled and rescinded the contract and refused to be further bound by it, and refused to make payment of the sums then due thereunder, to wit, the sum of $8,900.” Others of the motions followed the language of the statute in assigning the grounds of the motion, namely, “for the reason that the plaintiff has failed to prove a cause sufficient to be submitted to the jury.” We will first consider the motions for non-suit. By the terms of plaintiff’s letter of the 12th of October, and the telegram and letter sent by the agency on October 13th, the contract was repudiated by each at approximately the same time, each claiming to have canceled it on account of the default of the other, and the cancellation was acquiesced in by both, as neither recognized the contract as in force thereafter. The trial court recognized these acts as amounting to a cancellation of the contract, and excluded evidence relating to matters occurring after October 12th. 1. The term “rescission,” in relation to contracts, can — 179 — only apply to the unmaking of the contract, the revoking of it by mutual agreement of the parties; or it may be effected by an attempt to revoke the contract by one party, acceded to by the other,' or a breach by one which precludes him from any remedy thereon, and for which the other party revokes it: Miller v. Shelburn, 15 N. D. 182 (107 N. W. 51) ; Bannister v. Read, 6 Gilman (Ill.) 92. 2, 3. In the case before us, the cancellation was not mutually accomplished, as each party acted independently; but each recognized the contract as at an end. When a contract is mutually rescinded, .the parties are placed in their original position, as if it had not been made. Each party is entitled to be placed in statu quo. Upon a renunciation of the contract by one party, the other, being guilty of no breach, may elect to treat it as still in force, in which case his remedy is upon the contract; or he may treat it as a rescission, in which case payments made may be recovered, or' compensation had for property delivered. In Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co. v. Richards, 152 Ill. 59 (38 N. E. 773: 30 L. R. A. 33), it is said: “It is well settled that, where one party repudiates the contract and refuses longer to be bound by it, the injured party has an election to pursue either of three remedies: (1) He may treat the contract as rescinded, and recover upon quantum, meruit, so far as he has performed; or (2) he may keep the contract alive for the benefit of both parties, being at all times himself ready and able to perform, and at the end of the time specified for performance sue and recover under the contract; or (3) he may treat the repudiation as putting an end to the contract for all purposes of performance,” and sue for damages for a breach. This question is discussed in the dissenting opinion in Livesley v. Krebs Hop Company, 57 Or. 352 (97 Pac. 718: 107 Pac. 460: 112 Pac. 1). — 180 — Leake, Contracts (4 ed.) 618, says that the “renunciation of a contract will operate as a present breach only, if accepted and acted upon as such by the other party, who may, if he pleases, disregard it and insist upon performance according to its terms. ‘The promisee may treat the notice of intention as inoperative and await the time when the contract is to be executed, and then hold the other party responsible for all the consequences of nonperformance. But in that case he keeps the contract alive for the benefit of the other party, as well as his own; he remains subject to all his own obligations and liabilities under it, and enables the other party, not only to complete the contract, if so advised, notwithstanding his previous repudiation of it, but also to take advantage of any supervening circumstance which would justify him in declining to complete it.’ ” See, also, United States v. Behan, 110 U. S. 338 (4 Sup. Ct. 81: 28 L. Ed. 168) ; Meacham v. Gardner, 27 Pa. Super. Ct. 296 Shaffner v. Killian, 7 Ill. App. 620; Blackburn v. Reilly, 47 N. J. Law, 290, 308 (1 Atl. 27: 54 Am. Rep. 159) ; Alden v. Thurber, 149 Mass. 271 (21 N. E. 312). In Graves v. White, 87 N. Y. 463, 465, it is said: “The doctrine of these authorities is that the refusal of one party to perform his contract amounts on his part to an abandonment of it. The other party thereupon has a choice of remedies: He may stand upon his contract, refusing assent to his adversary’s attempt to rescind it, and sue for a breach, or, in a proper case, for a specific performance; or he may assent to its abandonment, and so effect a dissolution of the contract by the mutual and concurring assent of both parties. In that event, he is simply restored to his original position, and can neither sue for a breach nor compel a specific performance, because the contract itself has been dissolved.” Lawrence v. Taylor, 5 Hill (N. Y.) 107; Hayes v. Stortz, 131 Mich. 63, 65 (90 N. W. 678) ; Drew v. Claggett, 39 N. H. 431. 4. By the fourth proviso of the contract, the defend — 181 — ants were to ship such shooks as might be ordered by the party of the first part in advance of the packing season, the same to be known as “reserve stock.” Under that provision, plaintiff, on April 2, 1906, ordered 190,000 shooks to be cut, for which shipping orders were to be forwarded later. Of that order, but three car loads were ordered shipped, which were duly received by plaintiff. Shooks of the value of only $13,530 were shipped; the first shipment being from the reserve stock of April 2nd. The order of June 16th was not all shipped, and there was default in filling the order of July 27th. No complaint was made by plaintiff as to the delay in shipments until after August 18th, and the plaintiff’s packing season does not begin until September. Plaintiff was in default in payments, beginning with the shipment in June. The record does not give us the dates of payments; but plaintiff admits that on October 12th it was in default in the sum of $8,946. Therefore it had only paid on all shipments $4,491. The evidence tends to show that the defendants were also in default in making shipments; and on October 12th, while plaintiff was so in default, it states that it will not pay, but will retain, the balance due as indemnity against any damages it may be entitled to for defendants’ default. Plaintiff, in the letter of October 12th, says: “We * * decline to make further payments thereunder and hereby notify you that unless you comply with our requirements aforesaid, * * we shall consider the contract at an end and hold you liable for all loss.” Plaintiff thus acted independently of defendants’ repudiation of the contract, and abandoned it without knowledge of defendants’ act. Making a demand that defendants give a guaranty for future fulfillment of the contract, “and without which we shall consider the contract at an end,” was a repudiation of it. As said in Johnson Forge Co. v. Leonard & Co., 3 Pennewill (Del.) — 182 — 342, 350 (51 Atl. 305, 308: 94 Am. St. Rep. 86: 57 L. R. A. 225) : “If a default by one party in making particular payments or deliveries * * is accompanied with an announcement of intention not to perform the contract upon the agreed terms, or if, in the language of the court below, the default is accompanied with a deliberate demand, ‘insisting upon new terms different from the original agreement,’ the other party may treat the contract as being at end.” In that case, the court held that the right of the seller to rescind for the default of the purchaser depends upon his not being in default himself. This is also made a controlling element in Ballou v. Billings, 136 Mass. 307. See, also, Purcell v. Sage, 200 Ill. 342 (35 N. E. 723). 5. Therefore, as the contract was at an end, plaintiff, being in default in performance, cannot sue defendants for damages for its breach. Plaintiff’s rights are controlled by a different rule that in case defendants had attempted to rescind the contract, and plaintiff, not being in default, had treated such attempt as a breach, and claimed such damages as he had suffered. However, that is the theory upon which plaintiff now seeks to recover. But the evidence does not bring him within that rule. Even though defendants disaffirmed the contract, yet plaintiff has not, within the rule laid down in Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co. v. Richards, 152 Ill. 59 ( 38 N. E. 773: 30 L. R. A. 33), kept the contract alive by performance on its part, but 'has also repudiated it. It is said in 9 Cyc. 649: “The courts are agreed that if a default in one item of a continuous contract of a divisible nature is accompanied with an announcement of intention not to perform the contract, upon the agreed terms, or, what amounts ,to the same thing, if the failure to fully perform is delib'erate and intentional, and not the result of inadvertence or inability to perform, the rule we have been discussing — 183 — (namely, default in payment where the installments are numerous,, extending over a considerable period of time, will not discharge the contract) does not apply. The other party, under these circumstances, may treat the contract as being at an end.” See Stephenson v. Cady, 117 Mass. 6; Rugg & Bryon v. Moore, 110 Pa. 286 (1 Atl. 320) ; Blackburn v. Reilly, 47 N. J. Law 290, 308 (1 Atl. 27: 54.Am. Rep. 159). 6, 7. The contract before us is divisible in the sense that each delivery and each payment was to be independent of other deliveries and payments, and each default was a separate breach of the contract: Wooten v. Walters, 110 N. C. 256 (14 S. E. 734). To what extent such breaches were waived by acceptance, or by otherwise proceeding with the contract, we need not consider. The fact is that plaintiff’s default in payment was avowed and deliberate, and the other party was at liberty to treat the contract as at an end, which they did by express repudiation, and also by their acts. And the question arises: What is plaintiff’s remedy upon a contract which it has repudiated, and in the performance of which it is in default? The case of Harber Bros. Co. v. Moffat Cycle Co., 151 Ill. 84, 96 (37 N. E. 676, 679), is very much in point upon this question. The action was upon a contract for the sale of bicycles, deliveries to be made in installments, and payment for each shipment within thirty days. Both parties were in default. The court said: “The question here distinctly presented as the controlling one is whether a vendee who has accepted goods delivered under an express contract, but not at the time or in the quantity required by it, with knowledge of the default of the vendor in those respects, but has himself failed, without legal excuse, to pay for them according to it, can maintain an action on the contract for such a default of the vendor. We think the general rule everywhere recognized is against it. * * Pennsylvania Coal — 184 — Co. v. Ryan, 107 Ill. 226; Bradley v. King, 44 Ill. 339; Stewart v. Many, 7 Ill. App. 517. For appellant, the attempt is made to evade the force of these decisions by the claim that appellee was first in default, whereby appellant was damaged in the amount exceeding the price of the goods received, for which he failed to pay, and from that time until the suit was brought always had a just claim for damages by appellee’s default exceeding the amount for which appellant was in arrears. * * But the question is not whether, upon a fair settlement, offsetting damages against price, appellant really owed anything, but whether, accepting the machines under contract, it performed that contract on its part as to payment.” In Stephenson v. Cady, 117 Mass. 6, where several executory contracts were made on different days for the sale of goods, and expressly relating to each other, the price to be paid upon successive deliveries-, for one delivery the purchaser refused to pay, unless the seller would give security for the entire fulfillment of the contracts. It was held that the seller was released from all obligation to perform, and plaintiff could not maintain an action for a breach by defendant. In view of the fact that the plaintiff was also in default in performance of the contract and had repudiated it, it has no remedy thereon to recover damages for defendant’s breach by default. 8, 9. Plaintiff further contends that it is not in default in payment for shipments, insisting that payments were not due until the whole amount of the particular shipping order was filled. If plaintiff intended to require the receipt of each shipping order in full before paying for any part of it, it should have refused to receive a partial shipment; but it accepted and used the shipments as received, without reference to the shipping order, and therefore was under obligations to pay for such as- were so received. See Harter Bros. Co. v. Moffat Cycle Co., 151 Ill. 84, 89 (37 N. E. 676). And the evidence of Richmond, plaintiff’s manager and the letter of October — 185 — 12th are recognitions of such liability. The reserve stock that was to be shipped in advance of the packing season from the general order of April 2nd was to be paid for “whenever the parties of the first part breaks the car,” having no reference to the shipping order, and the general provisions in the contract for payment is “terms cash, within ten days after arrival,” thus indicating that the time of payment is to be computed with reference to the arrival of shipments, and not from the arrival of the full order. 10. The other point upon which the trial court based its ruling is also supported by the evidence, namely, that the amount due for shooks delivered and accepted by plaintiff equals or exceeds the amount of damages sustained by it. This ruling is based upon the court’s conclusion that plaintiff’s repudiation of the contract put an end to it, for the purposes of further performance, and independent of plaintiff’s default in payments. The damage claimed by plaintiff on account of defendants’ default prior to October 12th is $11,978.71; but in that amount the plaintiff has included damages in the sum of $3,858.87 on account of 151,000 shooks of the general order of April 2nd, which were not shipped. But it is admitted that shipping orders were not given for any part thereof, and in the shipment of which defendants were not in default. Thus we see that the amount which plaintiff admits it has retained, as due to the defendants for shooks, $8,946.76, exceeds the amount of damages so disclosed. 11. Plaintiff further contends that the motions for nonsuit do not set forth the grounds upon which they are based, and are therefore insufficient. It was held in this court, in Meier v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 51 Or. 69, 75 (93 Pac. 691), and in Caldwell Bank & T. Co. v. Porter, 52 Or. 318, 324 (95 Pac. 1: 97 Pac. 541), that — 186 — when the motion is specific as to the deficiencies in plaintiff’s evidence the appellate court will consider no other; especially is this the case, where the motion was denied in the lower court and renewed here. In Ferguson v. Ingle, 38 Or. 43 (62 Pac. 760), it is said that, if the grounds for the motion are not stated, the appellate court will not review the action of the trial court in denying it. The reason for the rule is found in the fact that, an appellate court will consider only such questions as have been presented to the trial court at the proper time and in the proper manner, and that plaintiff, having the defect pointed out to him, may correct it; but if the defect cannot be corrected, even if pointed out, then the absence of a specific statement of the grounds is not fatal to it. 6 Pl. & Pr. 879; Daley v. Russ, 86 Cal. 117 (24 Pac. 867). This is the ruling in Culver v. Van Valkenburg, 60 Or. 447 (119 Pac. 753). In the case at bar, the defect in plaintiff’s case is incurable, and the motion will not be disregarded. The judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.