Prement v. Wells

Me. Justice Ramsey delivered the opinion of the court. 1. The first assignment of error relates to the ruling of the court permitting the following question to be answered by the respondent: “Did anyone tell you there, the foreman or anyone who had the supervision there in the mill, as to what kind of shoes you should wear?” Counsel for the respondent attempted to show in the court below that there was a.general usage among sawmill men to furnish men who handle lumber a certain sort of shoes to protect them against accidents, but he produced only one witness who testified to any such usage or custom. This question was probably asked as a link in the chain of evidence to show that the appellants were negligent in not furnishing such shoes, or in not informing the respondent that he should wear certain kinds of shoes when segregating the lumber, to protect him from slipping when standing or working on slippery lumber. There is nothing in this case to show that the wearing of shoes with spikes in their soles would have been of any protection to the respondent. There was also an unsuccessful attempt on the part of the respondent to show that there was a general custom or usage prevailing among sawmill men to furnish their employees, who handled lumber that is wet and slippery, what are referred to in the complaint as loggers ’ or lumber — 342 — men’s shoes. However, only one witness testified to that effect, and several testified that there was no snch custom or usage. Under Section 801, L. O. L., at least two witnesses are necessary to prove usage; and hence such a custom or usage was not proved. 2. Under the facts of this case, the court below should have held the question above set out to be irrelevant, but allowing it to be answered was, at most, a harmless error, as the answer to it could not have influenced the verdict. A judgment may be reversed on appeal only for errors substantially affecting the rights of the appellants: L. O. L., § 556; Hayne, New Trial and Appeal (Rev. ed.), § 286. The court below instructed the jury that they should disregard the evidence in regard to the alleged custom or usage concerning the furnishing by millmen to their employees, or the using by employees of spiked or calked shoes or boots when handling lumber, if they found that said supposed custom or usage was testified to by only one witness. The jury knew that only one witness testified to such supposed custom or usage; and hence must have disregarded all evidence concerning that subject. 3, 4. The giving of the following instruction is assigned as error: “A servant in entering the employment of a master assumes the ordinary risks incident to the work contracted to be done, but not such as the master might have avoided by reasonable' care. The law also provides that if a master directs his servant to do certain work in a manner not reasonably safe, and the performance of the work in the manner directed is the proximate cause of the injury to the servant, the master is guilty of actionable negligence.” The plaintiff was about twenty-four years of age when he was injured; he was a foreigner and had had no experience in working about mills or in handling — 343 — lumber. Mr. John Bryant, the foreman of the appellants at the mill when respondent worked there, testified as a witness for the appellants as to the respondent and Cookoolos, who worked with respondent, and swore that they were ignorant as to* their work, and that he had to “demonstrate it to them”; he said that if he would tell them to do anything they would not understand it and he would have to show them how to do it; he said that he would have to “demonstrate” it to them practically: See pages 295, 296, of the evidence. This corroborates the evidence of the appellant and Cookoolos that they were ignorant of the work in which they were engaged, and shows that the appellants’ foreman was fully advised of their inexperience and ignorance before the accident occurred. The evidence of the respondent and Cookoolos tended to show that the pile of lumber upon which they were working had been dumped on the ground from a car; that the pile was from eight to ten feet high; that it was piled loosely; that it was wet and slippery; and that they had first stood on the ground and segregated the lumber; that a short time before the accident complaint was made to them that they were not earning their wages; that the foreman, John Bryant, went to where they were working and called them “God damned sons-of-bitches,” and ordered them to go on top of the pile of lumber and to work from the top of the pile; that they at once obeyed the orders, mounted -the pile, and successfully carried two boards from the top of the pile; that they took hold of a third plank, respondent carrying one end and Cookoolos the other; that the respondent slipped and fell and Cookoolos fell also; and that by this fall the respondent was seriously injured. The lumber in this pile was more or less wet and slippery, and the planks were — 344 — from three to four inches thick, and some of them were 20 inches wide and heavy. Foreman Bryant denies ordering these men to get on top of the dump of lumber, and says that he does not remember whether or not he called them vile names, as they say he did. In his evidence he calls them ‘ ‘ cattle. ’ ’ The evidence shows that the lumber in this pile was more or less wet and slippery; that the logs from which it was sawed were drawn from the millpond and sawed; the lumber was then loaded into a car and run out and dumped on the ground in a large pile, in all kinds of shapes. The evidence shows that the respondent was without experience and ignorant of the dangers incident to the work in which he was engaged, and that the appellants’ foreman, Mr. Bryant, knew this. Neither the appellants nor their foreman instructed or warned him of the dangers incident to his standing or working on the top of the dump of lumber and segregating the lumber from that position. We believe from the evidence that the top of said dump of lumber was not a reasonably safe place for the respondent to work segregating said lumber, considering the manner in which the lumber was piled and that it was more or less slippery. 5. The respondent and his colaborer, Cookoolos, testified that they had been segregating the lumber from the pile while standing on the ground, and that the foreman ordered them with a curse to mount the pile and work from there, and that they immediately obeyed this order. If this evidence is true, we think that the appellants were guilty of negligence, which caused the injury, considering the unsafeness of the top of the pile of lumber as a place for the men to work, and their ignorance and inexperience, and the fact that they were not instructed as to the dangers incident to their work on the top of that pile of lumber. — 345 — The instruction set out, supra, states the general rule that a servant entering the employment of a master assumes the ordinary risks incident to it, and then states that he does not assume such risks as the master might have avoided by reasonable care. It states also that if the master directs his servant to do work in a manner not reasonably safe, and the performance of the work in the' manner directed is the proximate cause of an injury to the servant, the master is guilty of actionable negligence. We deem this instruction correct under the facts of this case. The place where the respondent was injured appears not to have been a reasonably safe place in which to work, and he was ignorant and incompetent and not warned by the appellants of the danger incident to his working there. Ordering him to work there under the circumstances was negligence, and the appellant did not assume the risk incident to the work, nor was he guilty of contributory negligence in working there under the circumstances. It is elementary law that the master must furnish the servant a reasonably safe place in which to work, and that if he fails to do so he is guilty of negligence. This is a positive duty of the master, and it is not one of the risks or perils assumed by the servant by his contract of employment: See 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2 ed.), pp. 55-57; Johnson v. O. S. L. Ry. Co., 23 Or. 94 (31 Pac. 283); 26 Cyc. 1097-1101. 6. It is also the duty of the master to warn an ignorant or incompetent servant of all risks or dangers incident to his employment of which the master knows or should know: 26 Cyc. 1173, 1174; 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2 ed.), 97. Bailey, in his work on Personal Injuries, vol. 2 (2 ed.), page 954, says: “On the other hand, if a servant, because of inexperience which is known to the — 346 — master is incapable of understanding and appreciating a danger and tbe master fails to properly instruct him, the servant does not assume the risk.” The same book, on page 952, says: “Ordinary risks are those incident to the business which are impliedly assumed by the contract of employment; and extraordinary risks, the risks of negligence of the master which are not assumed unless known to the servant, or they should have been known by him in the exercise of ordinary care. In other words, ordinary risks are always assumed, but extraordinary risks are not assumed unless known or obvious.” The first part of this charge refers to ordinary risks which the servant assumes, and the latter part to extraordinary risks which the servant does not impliedly assume. It is the latter part of the charge to which 'the appellants object, which is as follows: “The law also provides that if a master directs his servant to do certain work in a manner not reasonably safe, and the performance of the work in the manner directed is the proximate cause of injury to the servant, the master is guilty of actionable negligence.” • This charge should be construed with reference to the facts of this case, and construing in that manner it is correct. The direction referred to in the charge had reference to the order of the appellants’ foreman, Bryant, requiring the respondent to mount the dump of lumber and to work from the top of the pile, which was not a reasonably safe place to work; and the ignorance and inexperience of the respondent, and the fact that he was not warned of the danger incident to working in a dangerous place, are to be taken into account in construing it. When a master orders an ignorant and inexperienced servant to work in a place that is dangerous, without warning him of the dangers incident to working in such a place, and he obeys the orders and — 347 — is injured, the master is guilty of actionable negligence. There was no error in giving this charge. 7, 8. The third and fourth assignments of error are the refusal of the court to give the following charges: “It is the duty of a servant to exercise care in examining his surroundings and to acquire such knowledge of danger as can be obtained by observation, and if he fails to do this the risk is his own. If, therefore, you find that the plaintiff did not take care in examining his surroundings or in observing the manner in which his fellow-servants did their work, whether in a careful or careless manner, and as to whether their acts might prove dangerous or not, and did not use reasonable care to examine his surroundings, then you are to find that the plaintiff is guilty of negligence himself and assumed the risks óf his employment, and you must find for the defendants.” Neither of these charges is applicable to the facts of this case. A servant who is experienced in a business is required to exercise only reasonable care to avoid injury. The first requested charge requires more than ordinary care in a servant. It requires a servant to exercise care and to acquire such knowledge of danger as can be obtained by observation. This seems to require more than reasonable care. It ignores the fact that the appellant is an ignorant, inexperienced servant, and would require of him more diligence than the law requires of an experienced servant. Ordinary care is all that is required of any servant. 3 Bailey on Personal Injuries (2 ed.), 1339, states the rule thus: “All cases agree that the care which a servant must exercise to preclude the defense of contributory negligence is ordinary care. Ordinary care is such as may be usually expected of persons of ordinary prudence under like circumstances, considering the perils of the — 348 — business.” The same book, on page 1339, states the rule thus as to ignorant servants: ‘ ‘ The degree of care required of a servant of less than average intelligence is such as men of his capacity and understanding generally exercise under like circumstances, and not such as men of average intelligence exercise. ’ ’ The second requested instruction is subject to the same objections as the first, excepting that it requires only reasonable care, but it is not applicable because under the facts in this case the respondent, being an ignorant, inexperienced servant, was not required to use ordinary or reasonable care. These requested charges were properly refused. 9. The fifth assignment of error is based on the refusal of the court to give the following charge: “I charge you that the work mentioned herein was of a simple nature, such as handling lumber, and any ordinary laboring man ought, as a matter of law, to understand the ordinary hazards of this work.” We think that the handling of lumber on top of the lumber dump, under the circumstances of this case, was something more than a simple case of piling lumber. The lumber was very heavy and more or less wet and slippery, and the work was more than ordinarily dángerous. The court properly refused this instruction. 10. The sixth assignment of error contains a request for a charge to the effect that the failure of the appellants to furnish the respondent the proper kind of boots to wear when handling lumber did not constitute negligence, and it was properly refused, because the respondent failed to produce two witnesses to prove a usage among millmen to furnish boots or shoes of any sort to be used by them to protect them from slipping. The court instructed the jury to disregard that question, unless the respondent had produced at least two witnesses to prove such supposed usage. Only one — 349 — witness swore that such a usage existed, and several witnesses testified that there was no such usage. That subject was eliminated hy the charge of the court. The last two questions for consideration arise on the refusal of the court to grant a nonsuit, and on the court’s refusal to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the appellants. These points raise substantially the same question. We believe the rulings of the court to be correct. While the evidence was conflicting and the case for the respondent not strong, we believe that there was enough evidence to require the case to he submitted to the jury and to sustain the verdict returned hy the jury. The instructions given to the jury were quite lengthy and covered every point in the case, and they were fair to the appellants. We find no reversible error, and the judgment of the court below is affirmed. Affirmed.