Rosenwald v. Oregon City Transp. Co.

Mr. Justice Burnett delivered the opinion of the court. 1. As a preliminary it was contended that the answer contained two defenses and it is assigned as error that the court overruled the plaintiff’s motion to require the defendant to elect between them, the first of which was to the effect that the damage was occasioned by the negligent conduct of the officers of the United States government in charge of the dredge and the other that the loss was due to the dangers of navigation and the act of Grod. This motion was not made until the jury had been impaneled and the cause was ready for the testimony. In Fleishman v. Meyer, 46 Or. 267 (80 Pac. 209), it was held that such an attack should have been made by motion during the formation of the pleadings and it came too late when the issue was ripe for hearing. This case is to be distinguished from Harvey v. Southern Pac. Co., 46 Or. 505 (80 Pac. 1061), where at the trial the plaintiff was compelled to elect between two inconsistent causes of action which he based upon the same grievance. A defendant is entitled to urge as many defenses as he may have; while a plaintiff must make ‘‘a plain and concise statement of the facts constituting the cause of action without unnecessary repetition”: Section 67, L. O. L. The code abolishes all the ancient forms whereby a plaintiff might state his plaint.in several different — 22 — counts leading to the same result, while a defendant may multiply his defenses within prescribed limits. This serves to differentiate the Fleishman-Meyer Case and the Harvey Case. The assignment of error about refusing to compel the defendant to elect must therefore be laid out of consideration. In Wells v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 59 Or. 165 (114 Pac. 92, 116 Pac. 1070, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 818, 63 Am. & Eng. Ry. Cas. (N. S.) 775, 65 Am. & Eng. Ry. Cas. (N. S.) 694), 1 N. C. C. A. 659, 7 N. C. C. A. 979), a railway case, the court laid down the rule that the duty of a common carrier was in the nature of insurance „and that he could not escape liability for nonperformance of his stipulation except by showing that his failure was occasioned by the act of God or a public enemy, an act of public authority, an act of the shipper, or the intrinsic nature of the property intrusted to it. For common carriers by water the congressional statute of February 13, 1893, c. 105 (27 Stats. 445; 3 U. S. Comp. Stats. 1913, § 8031), known as the Harter Act, has enlarged the exemption in these words: “If the owner of any vessel transporting merchandise or property to or from any port in the United States of America shall exercise due diligence to make the said vessel in all respects seaworthy and properly manned, equipped, and supplied, neither the vessel, her owner or owners, agent, or charterers, shall become or be held responsible for damag’e or loss resulting from faults or errors in navigation or in the management of said vessel nor shall the vessel, her owner or owners, charterers, agent, or master be held liable for losses arising from" dangers of the sea or other navigable waters, acts of God, or public enemies, or the inherent defect, quality, or vice of the thing carried, or from insufficiency of package, or seizure under legal process, or for loss resulting from any act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or represent — 23 — ative, or from saving or attempting to save life _ or property at sea, or from any deviation in rendering such service.” 2. It is also well established that a carrier may properly limit its liability so as to exempt it from loss accruing from dangers of navigation or unavoidable accident. It is competent therefore for the carrier to restrict not only its responsibility but also its privileges. It may substitute any lawful contract for the rule imposed upon it by the common law or for the immunity conferred upon it by statute and it is said in Patterson v. Wenatchee Canning Co., 59 Wash. 556 (110 Pac. 379), following Butler v. Greene, 49 Neb. 280 (68 N. W. 496): “A special contract of bailment prevails against general principles of law applicable in the absence of an express agreement.” This doctrine is likewise followed in the later case of Alaska Coast Co. v. Alaska Barge Co., 79 Wash. 216 (140 Pac. 334, L. R. A. 1915C, 423). The decision of the instant case, therefore, must turn mainly upon the construction of the instrument pleaded by the defendant ; for it is without dispute in the testimony that the stipulation of the parties was evidenced by the writing set out in the answer. 3. The effort of the plaintiff is to show that the circumstances do not disclose an act of God and that “dangers of navigation” and “unavoidable accident” practically are synonymous with the phrase “act of God.” An act of God may be— “said to be that which is occasioned exclusively by the violence of nature; by that kind of force of the elements which human ability could not have foreseen or prevented, such as lightning, tornado, sudden squall of wind, and the like. Again, it is said to be at least — 24 — an act of nature which, implies entire exclusion of all human agency, whether of the carrier himself or of third persons. It is called a disaster with which the agency of man has nothing to do. It is defined tó be a natural necessity, which could not have been occasioned by the interference of man, but proceeds from physical causes alone”: 1 Words & Phrases, p. 118, and authorities there cited. But this term is more restricted in its signification than either “dangers of navigation” or “unavoidable accident,” for it is plain that either of the latter may happen in cases where the actions of human beings operate as an essential part. A casualty occurring by an act of God is an “unavoidable accident” but it is not every unavoidable accident which is an act of God. In United States v. Kansas City So. R. Co., 189 Fed. 471, we find this: “While some authorities hold that ‘unavoidable accident’ is synonymous with ‘act of God,’ the better definition, in the opinion of the court, is that it must be an inevitable accident which could not have been foreseen and prevented by the exercise of that degree of diligence which reasonable men would exercise under like conditions and without any fault attributable to the party sought to be held responsible.” In Hodgson v. Dexter, 1 Cranch C. C. 109, 12 Fed. Cas. 283, it is said: “By common acceptation, unavoidable accident means, a casualty which happens when all the means which common prudence suggests have been used to prevent it. ’ ’ In Central Line of Boats v. Lowe, 50 Ga. 509, speaking of unavoidable accident, the court said: “As we understand the words they mean an irresistible cause standing exactly on the footing with an act of God except that it is the product of human agency.” — 25 — Hays v. Kennedy, 3 Grant Cas. 351 (41 Pa. St. 378, 80 Am. Dec. 627), was a case of collision of two steamers on the Ohio Eiver. After discussing the precedents the court concludes with this utterance: “Whatever may be said, therefore, respecting the meaning of the phrase ‘act of God,’ we think it can have no application in a case where the parties have expressly provided a different rule of liability, by expressing themselves in terms that cannot reasonably be interpreted in the narrow sense often attributed to that phrase. WTben they provide that they shall not be liable for the unavoidable dangers of the navigation, they mean dangers that are unavoidable by them, supposing that they have exercised all the- precaution, care, and skill that the law usually demands of common carriers. They mean that they shall not be answerable as insurers against accidents which the law respects as inevitable; but that if they prove such an accident falling upon them without any previous fault of theirs, and that they had a proper vessel and crew, and did all in their power to extricate themselves from the danger, they shall be as free from liability as they are from fault.” Treating of the exception “dangers of the river” in Whitesides v. Thurlkill, 12 Smedes & M. (20 Miss.) 599 (51 Am. Dec. 128), the court ruled that if in a collision with another steamer the damage arose without any fault of the defendant or of the hands upon his boat they were excusable; but if they had been guilty of negligence or might have prevented the loss by the exercise of reasonable skill and diligence the defendant would be liable. It was also held in Van Horn v. Taylor, 2 La. Ann. 587 (46 Am. Dec. 558 [same case reported as Van Hern v. Taylor, 7 Rob. (La.) 201, 41 Am. Dec. 279]), that a collision happening without the fault of defendant was an unavoidable accident, and in The Favorite, 2 Biss. 502, 8 Fed. Cas. 1103, it was de — 26 — tided that where a vessel struck a hitherto unknown and invisible snag the casualty was due to a danger of the river. 4. From these and other precedents which might be cited we deduce the principle that under exceptions such as are noted in the contract pleaded by the defendant in this case the carrier will be excused from liability on showing that without fault on his part and while doing all he could do seasonably to prevent the accident a collision with another vessel ensued resulting in damage to his cargo. On the other hand, it is said in Union Steamship Co. v. New York & Va. Steamship Co., 65 U. S. 307 (16 L. Ed. 699): “It is not inevitable accident, as was well remarked by the learned judge in the case of the Juliet Erskine, 6 Notes of Cases 634, ‘where a master proceeds carelessly on his voyage, and afterwards circumstances arise when it is too late for him to do what is fit and proper to be done.’ He must show that he acted seasonably, and that he ‘did everything which an experienced mariner could do, adopting ordinary caution,’ and that the collision ensued in spite of such exertions.” 5-7. Under such conditions it is a question for the jury to determine under all the circumstances disclosed by the evidence whether the defendant brings himself within the doctrine of the precedents cited. As to the care and vigilance of the defendant the situation is analogous to the teaching of Palmer v. Portland Ry. L. & P. Co., 56 Or. 262 (108 Pac. 211, 59 Am. & Eng. Ry. Cas. (N. S.) 68), wherein it is held that the question of whether or not a person was negligent is one for the jury under proper instructions from the court. In carrier cases under a contract like the one here involved it is incumbent upon the defendant to show that it was exercising proper diligence under all the circum — 27 — stances and was free from fault in order to avail itself of the stipulated exceptions to the common-law liability. To enable them to judge of this matter the jurors were entitled to know all the circumstances surrounding the transaction and this disposes of the questions to which the plaintiff objected wherein it was sought to show the amount of water going through the Clackamas Rapids and whether it would influence the control of the boat; if there was any notice of the dredge being anchored at the point where the collision occurred and if it had been at the place where she was a day or two before, approximately 700 feet farther downstream, the “Oregona” could have passed safely. 8. The plaintiff complains of the court’s refusal to charge the jury that the terms ‘ ‘ danger of navigation ’ ’ and “unavoidable causes” signified accidents which do not happen by the intervention of man. But as we have shown by the precedents this is not an accurate definition of those terms. The court also declined to instruct the jury as follows: ‘ ‘ That under the pleadings in this case the only thing vupon which the defendant relies as coming within the exception of the contracts as to dangers of navigation and unavoidable causes, is that the accident was caused by the rapids, shallows, bars, swiftness of the current and whirlpools of the river. If you find from the evidence that the accident was due to these causes, or any of them, your verdict must be for the plaintiff, because such an accident does not come within the said exceptions of the dangers of navigation, and other unavoidable causes. ’ ’ This request to charge is faulty in that it does not state all the pleading, but only part of it. The instruction to be available must cover the whole theory of the case. The same objection is applicable to the other request of the plaintiff to direct the jury— — 28 — “that an accident occurring as the result of the rapids and current and bar in the river which condition has existed for a long period of time is not such an accident as is caused by the act of God. ’ ’ The instructions given by the court substantially embodied both the theory of the plaintiff and that of the defendant except in the part which follows: “You are instructed that if you find at the time of the accident there had been an unexpected rise in the Willamette river above the Clackamas Rapids and that these two elements combined to cause an unprecedented swift, dangerous and unexpected action and flow of water at said Rapids and Magoon’s Bar, and that this said condition could not have been foreseen, prevented nor guarded against by the defendant, or its agents, and was not produced nor contracted by human agency, then in that event it constituted an act of God, and if plaintiff’s loss, if any, was occasioned thereby, without negligence on defendant’s part, defendant would not be liable, and your verdict must be for the defendant.” This declaration is at least abstract and inapplicable to the issues of the case. It is true that the answer states “that the sinking of said boat was approximately caused by the natural action, flow and force of said water and was, thereby, an act of God.” This, however, is only a conclusion of law and cannot be derived from the facts stated, for the operation of the water, although a natural cause, was neither irresistible, unlooked for nor unusual. Neither is there any testimony to show that there was a sudden storm or any unprecedented convulsion of nature which produced the accident. On the contrary the history of the case is to the effect that the ordinary state of the river and weather conditions for that season of the year were present and that the “Oregona” could have safely negotiated the stream had it not been for the — 29 — unexpected presence of the government dredge at anchor in the channel. The giving of this abstract instruction would lead to a reversal of the case under the authority of Tonseth v. Portland Ry. L. & P. Co., 70 Or. 341, 347 (141 Pac. 868), but for the following consideration. 10, 11. It will be remembered that the plaintiff declares upon the pure common-law accountability of the defendant as a common carrier while it appears without dispute in the evidence that the shipment was undertaken in pursuance of a written agreement containing material restrictions upon that liability. It was held in Normile v. Oregon Nav. Co., 41 Or. 177 (69 Pac. 928, 56 Cent. L. J. 123, 28 Am. & Eng. Ry. Cas. (N. S.) 306), that where the plaintiff declares on a breach of the common-law duty of a carrier and the proof shows that the venture was assumed under a contract for restricted liability it is a failure of proof preventing a recovery by the plaintiff in that action. After pointing out that although the agreement curtails the responsibility of the carrier in certain respects yet if there is enough in the case upon which to found a common-law demand independent of the shipping receipt the action of the plaintiff may proceed, Mr. Justice Wolverton held that on the contrary if on the coming in of the proof it appears that the facts upon which the plaintiff would recover are controlled by a written contract limiting their operation he must fail. The opinion contains this statement : “Ordinarily the common carrier is considered and treated as an insurer of the goods it undertakes to carry and all limitations of common law liability are in the nature of exceptions to its general undertaking and hence in order to avoid such liabilities the exceptions must be pleaded. Thus it has been held in Missouri So. Ry. Co. v. Nicholson, 2 Willson, Civ. Cas. Ct. App., — 30 — § 168, that ‘in an action against a common carrier, founded on the common law liability of such carrier, it is not necessary to produce in evidence a bill of lading of the property alleged to have been lost or injured. If there was a special contract, restricting the common law liability of the carrier, it devolved upon the carrier to allege and prove it. ’ * * And this is just what the defendant has done in the case at bar. It has set up that, by a special agreement, the plaintiff limited himself in his recovery to $100. The plaintiff replied that the alleged agreement was void, as being contrary to sound public policy. If void, the defendant’s common law liability remains unchanged and unrestricted in that particular, and the special contract cannot stand in the way of plaintiff’s recovery by the common law form of action. If, however, the special agreement is found legal and binding, there is a variance fatal to that form of action, and the plaintiff must be remitted to the special contract and an action thereon,” citing authorities. After disposing of other questions in the case the opinion concludes with the statement that: “The plaintiff was therefore not entitled to recover upon his common-law action, having entered into a special contract relative to the utmost value of the animal injured, so that the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded. ’ ’ Indeed, in this cause under the uncontroverted evidence concerning the writing relied upon in defense, a verdict should have been directed for the defendant as the plaintiff failed in his proof. The error of abstract instructions therefore becomes negligible for, taking the whole case together, the correct result was attained. In this view it is also unnecessary to consider the assignment of error about the restriction on the argument of counsel. In any event, there was enough to go to the jury on the question of whether or not the defendant was with — 31 — out fault and exercised the proper skill and prudence in the situation so that the collision with the dredge occurred without blame upon the defendant, bringing it within the exception of “dangers of navigation” and ‘ ‘ unavoidable accident. ’ ’ These considerations lead to an affirmance of the judgment. Affirmed. Mr. Chief Justice McBride, Mr. Justice Benson and Mr. Justice Harris concur.