Kirk v. Mullen

McBRIDE, J. 1. The judgment, attachment, and sale of plaintiff’s land upon the action brought by Schwarz & Sons were without jurisdiction, and were absolutely void. In the first place, there is not, in the common law or in the statutes, any provision that permits a guardian of a minor to contract a debt which will bind the ward personally or at law. Nor, with the exception of Section 1328, Or. L., which permits the guardian to mortgage the land of his ward for certain purposes, is there any provision whereby the guardian is authorized to enter into any contract which will bind the ward’s estate in the first instance: 21 Cyc. 115, and cases there cited; 12 R. 0. L., p. 1128, — 568 — § 27, and cases there cited; Woemer on Guardianship, § 57. In all of the works here cited an apparent exception to the rule is noted, which exception is stated by Cyc. in this language: “The guardian may, however, be authorized by a court of competent jurisdiction to bind his ward by a contract. In doing so, however, he is not exercising a power belonging to his office but an extraordinary power conferred for the special purpose.” We have examined the cases cited in support of this proposition, and find them all to be suits or proceedings of equitable cognizance, attempting to fasten upon the estate of the ward, and not upon him personally, a liability for debts contracted for his benefit by his guardian. Among these cases are Reading v. Wilson, 38 N. J. Eq. 446; In re Harker’s Estate, 113 Iowa, 584 (85 N. W. 786); Owens v. Mitchell, 38 Tex. 588; United States Mortgage Co. v. Sperry, 138 U. S. 313 (34 L. Ed. 969, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 321, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes). It could not be reasonably contended that a guardian cannot make any contract or incur any liability for the benefit of his ward. On the contrary, his duty often requires him so to do; but what we do mean to say is that, when a guardian incurs a pecuniary liability for the benefit, or on behalf of his ward, it is primarily the guardian’s contract and his liability, for which, if the expenditure is proper, he, and not the one with whom he contracts, must look in the first instance to the ward’s estate for compensation. As said by Mr. Justice Soule in Rollins v. Marsh, 128 Mass. 116, 118: “The guardian cannot bind the person or estate of his ward by contract made by himself. Such contract binds him personally, and recovery for breach of it must be had in an action against him: Hicks v. Chap — 569 — man, 10 Allen, 463; Bicknell v. Bicknell, 111 Mass. 265; Wallis v. Bardwell, 126 Mass. 366. He cannot escape liability on sncb contracts by reciting that he makes them in his official capacity; and it is immaterial, in a snit brought against him thereon, whether he is described by his official title or not. The judgment in either case must be against him personally, and the description has no legal effect.” In Trutch v. Bunnell, 11 Or. 58 (4 Pac. 588, 50 Am. Rep. 456), this court had before it a ease involving the legality of a mortgage given by the guardian, with the approbation of the County Court, to secure money borrowed and invested- for the benefit of the ward; and it was there held in the absence of a statute authorizing such obligation the mortgage was void and did not bind the ward’s estate. Mr. Justice Waldo in his opinion in that case remarked: “The power to mortgage, as a mortgage is construed in this state, is incidental to another power— the power to borrow money. Before there can be a power to mortgage there must be a power back of the mortgage to contract the debt which the mortgage is given to secure. A power to give a mortgage to secure the payment of money without a power to borrow the money is a contradiction. Now, a promissory note simply given by a guardian, with or without the authority of the County Court, for money borrowed and invested for the benefit of the ward, is certainly void.” 2. We conclude, therefore, that the guardian here had no authority to borrow money or to give a note which would render her ward personally liable in an action at law. But, conceding for the purposes of this discussion what the writer is far from conceding in reality, that somewhere, and in some tribunal, Schwarz & Sons could exact from the estate of the minor payment of the note upon which their action was brought, it seems clear to us that the Circuit — 570 — Court had no jurisdiction to entertain such a proceeding. In Monastes v. Catlin, 6 Or. 119, it was held that the appointment of guardians by the County Court was part of the probate jurisdiction conferred upon that tribunal by Section 12 of Article VII of the Constitution. Section 936, Or. L., provides that: “The County Court has exclusive jurisdiction, in the first instance, pertaining to a court of probate; that is * * to direct and control the conduct and settle the accounts of executors, administrators and guardians; * * to order the renting, sale, or other disposal of the real and personal property of minors.” Elaborate procedure is provided for the sale of real property by guardians, when deemed necessary by the County Court. There must be a petition under oath showing the necessity for the sale, and an order to show cause why the sale should not be made, or, in case formal service cannot be made, the notice must be published in a newspaper for three weeks prior to the hearing. The guardian is required to give a special bond, take and subscribe to an additional oath, and to publish a notice of the sale in the manner provided for in sales by executors and administrators. Every precaution is taken to see that the sale is necessary, fair, and for the purpose of paying legitimate charges against the estate. Accordingly it has been commonly held that the property of a minor under guardianship is in custodia legis and 'is not subject to seizure and sale upon execution: Sturgis v. Sturgis, 51 Or. 10 (93 Pac. 696, 131 Am. St. Rep. 724, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1034), and cases there cited; 6 C. J. 391, note 21e; Coffin v. Eisiminger, 75 Iowa, 30 (39 N. W. 124); Grant v. Humbert, 114 App. Div. 462 (100 N. Y. Supp. 44). — 571 — The cases cited by counsel for defendants all arise out of transactions where the debt sued upon was primarily the debt of the minor, and where no constitutional or other legislative provision gave to the County Court exclusive jurisdiction over the estate of the minor. In Thacher v. Dinsmore, 5 Mass. 299 (4 Am. Dec. 61), Dinsmore, the defendant, was appointed guardian of A. L., an insane person who was at the time indebted to the plaintiffs. Dinsmore gave to plaintiffs his promissory notes as guardian of A. L. for the sums due them; and when A. L. subsequently recovered his reason, Dinsmore was discharged from his guardianship. The plaintiffs sued Dinsmore upon the notes. Among other matters the court held: “The question to be decided, on the facts agreed in this case, is whether the defendant is liable in this action. If an action is maintainable against any person, it must be the defendant; for the guardian of an insane person cannot make his ward liable to an action as on his own contract, by any promise which the guardian can make. Neither can the defendant be sued in his capacity of guardian, so as to make the estate of his ward liable to be taken in execution; for the judgment is not against the goods and estate of the ward in his hands, but against himself. A creditor may sue the insane person, but shall be defended by his guardian, and in that case, judgment being against the insane person, it may be satisfied by his property.” The case seems to the writer to be authority for the proposition that a guardian cannot bind his ward in an action at law for a contract executed by himself as guardian, which is the situation here. Whatever the authority of the probate court over the estate of persons under guardianship may have been at that time, in the State of Massachusetts, here it is exclusive, not only by the terms of the constitution, but — 572 — by the terms of the statute as well. E.x parte Leighton, 14 Mass. 206, is not fully reported, but appears to hold that an insane person under guardianship is liable to be imprisoned on execution for a debt contracted by him prior to his insanity. It is not in point here. In the Harker Case, 113 Iowa, 584 (85 N. W. 786), the court held that a minor ward was bound by a compromise agreement signed by her guardian, such settlement having been authorized by the probate court. This decision seems to have been placed upon the ground that the statute of that state was sufficiently comprehensive to authorize the guardian, under the direction of the court, so to bind the ward. We have examined that statute and it is much broader and more comprehensive than ours. It is as follows: “Guardians of minors must prosecute and defend for their wards, may employ counsel therefor, lease lands, loan money, and in all other respects manage their affairs under proper orders of the court or judge thereof”: Comp. Code Iowa, 1912, § 647. It should be remembered, however, that this case was begun in the probate court, and not in proceedings instituted in another jurisdiction. The case of Shaffner v. Briggs, 36 Ind. 55 (10 Am. Rep. 1), apparently supports defendants’ contention, but the statement of facts is so indefinite that it is impossible to say upon what ground the court based its opinion. It appears that a judgment had been obtained against the minor, and an execution and sale of his property had. Concerning the validity of such sale, the court announced only this not very convincing conclusion: “Again, it is urged that the land of an infant cannot be sold on an execution against him but that his guardian must proceed to convert it into money and pay the judgment. We are of a different opinion.” — 573 — The Constitution of Indiana contains no provision vesting jurisdiction over the estates of minors under guardianship in a particular court, and this may be the reason for the holding. The doctrine of Sturgis v. Sturgis, 51 Or. 10 (93 Pac. 696, 131 Am. St. Rep. 724, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1034), while it may partake of the nature of dictum is nevertheless persuasive and sound. There is not a single valid reason for holding that the Circuit Court cannot invade the probate jurisdiction of the County Court, in relation to the sale of realty by executors and administrators, which does not apply with equal force to sales and contracts by guardians. The law preserves with jealous care the property rights of those who, by reason of their infancy or defect of mentality, are unable to manage their own affairs. It has selected the local court of the county as the tribunal which shall pass upon the necessity of a sale of the minor’s realty. It has given to that court the authority to say whether or not it shall be mortgaged; and the power to raise money for the minor’s benefit by mortgages does not imply a power in the guardian to bind the minor by borrowing money without a mortgage. As said in Trutch v. Bunnell, 11 Or. 58 (4 Pac. 588, 50 Am. Rep. 456), a note given for money so borrowed is void as against the minor. The case at bar disclosed the necessity for the rule. Here, the guardian, who owns adjoining land, borrows money to carry out a joint contract between a firm of hop buyers on one side, and herself, another party, and this thirteen year old minor on the other. She fails to pay the money. Neither her property nor that of her adult associate is seized, but the minor child is “left with the sack to hold,” and his property sacrificed to pay the debt; — 574 — and this without any direction of the County Court, which is the special and jurisdictional curator of the property of children under guardianship. We are of the opinion that the attachment and sale under it were without jurisdiction, and absolutely void. 3. The registration proceedings taken by defendants should be set aside. Wliatever may have been the construction placed by defendants or their counsel upon the effect of the attachment proceedings, they were void as a matter of law. Upon the record, therefore, as a matter of law, defendants had notice that plaintiff had a valid and existing claim upon the premises. Indeed, the reason for bringing the registration proceeding advanced in defendants’ brief is that there seemed to be a mistaken description in the sheriff’s deed that required correction. If this had been true, such correction would only have been required to bar a supposed claim of plaintiff, arising out of the mistake; so, in any event defendants knew, as a matter of law, that there was a defect in their title, and that such defect could be remedied only by a decree barring plaintiff’s rights or claims in the premises. Plaintiff was obviously the person whose claims the defendants were seeking to bar. Knowing this, they should have seen that plaintiff, who resided in their neighborhood, was served with summons; and the conclusion is irresistible that the statement in the application that, “there are no other persons whosoever who have or claim to have any interest or estate in said real property, either in law or equity, in possession, remainder, reversion, or expectancy,” was made with the intent to avoid personal service of summons upon defendant. A decree so surreptitiously obtained is void: 2 Freeman on Judgments, § 489; Johnson v. Coleman, 23 Wis. 452 (99 Am. Dec. — 575 — 193); Froebrich v. Lane, 45 Or. 13 (76 Pac. 351, 106 Am. St. Rep. 634). 4, 5. Much is said in defendants’ brief in r^ird to the effect of the confirmation validating the sheriff’s sale. A confirmation cures irregularities, but it cannot render valid a sale upon a judgment void for want of jurisdiction in the court to render it, or upon process which the court had no jurisdiction to employ: 16 R. C. L., p. 84. This suit is not a collateral, but a direct attack upon both the judgment against plaintiff in the action upon the promissory note and upon the decree in the registration proceedings. Authorities cited by defendants on the subject of immunity from collateral attack have no application. There is no allegation in regard to the value of the rents and profits of the land while in defendants’ possession, and no claim for improvements made by defendants, so it is probable that they about offset each other. At all events, if we are to judge by the result of his guardian’s efforts in attempting to cultivate hops on the land, the plaintiff is quite as well off now as he would have been, had the land remained in the guardian’s possession. The decree of the Circuit Court will be reversed and a decree entered here, setting aside and declaring void the judgment and sale in the action against plaintiff upon the promissory note, and also setting aside and declaring void the decree in the registration proceedings ; and the plaintiff will be decreed to be the owner in fee, and entitled to the unclouded possession of the land in dispute and will recover his costs and disbursements. Reversed. Decree Entered. Rehearing Denied. Burnett, C. J., and Brown and Harris, JJ., concur.