Logan v. Spaulding Logging Co.

BENSON, J. For fifty years the plaintiff and his predecessors in interest have been the owners of a tract of land through, which the Luckiamute River flows, and upon which, during all of that time, there has been maintained and operated a grist-mill, for which the power is obtained by a dam across the river, using the waters of the stream, by means of turbine wheels, to drive the machinery of the mill. For twenty years past the stream has been used also by the defendant and others for floating logs and other forest products. In this connection the defendant maintains two dams across the river, one being about twelve miles above the grist-mill and the other about sixteen miles above the same. The upper one of these dams has not been used by the [733] defendant for about ten, years. The lower one, which is about thirty feet high, is used for the purpose of accumulating- water for the storage of logs and for sluicing logs' down the river. It has two sluice-gates, each about sixteen feet wide and fourteen feet deep. The supply of water accumulated by this dam is sufficient for the storage of about ten million feet of logs. During the summer and fall the storage pond is filled with water, and the logs deposited therein. During the winter the sluice-gates are raised, thereby releasing the stored logs and, with them, the additional water, thereby raising the water in the bed of the stream about six feet, which accomplishes the desired floating of the logs. After the gates are thus opened, it requires about four hours for the increased flow and its burden of logs to reach the mill-dam, and about the same length of time to pass the mill. During this passage the increased volume of water in the stream “drowns” the water-wheels, and the plaintiff’s mill is compelled to suspend operation until the drive is concluded. During the periods when the storage pond at the dam is filling the supply of water is cut off from the gristmill for several hours at a time, at which times the milling operations must be suspended. In 1905 the plaintiff began suit to enjoin the defendant’s sluicing operations, but before a trial was had the parties entered into a contract whereby the defendant paid to plaintiff certain sums as compensation for past damage, and agreed to make stipulated payments in the future. This agreement was to be in force for five years, and expired on December 20, 1912, but was extended by parol agreement for two years longer. Thereafter the plaintiff declined to negotiate further, and insisted that sluicing should cease. [734] In 1917, the legislature passed the act set out in General Laws of Oregon for 1917, at Chapter 128 thereof, and shortly thereafter the defendant made application thereunder to the Public Service Commission, for a franchise “to raft, drive, float, boom, sort and hold logs, lumber, or other timber products in the Lucldamute River in Polk and Benton Counties within the State of Oregon.” Thereafter, on March 29, 1918, the Public Service Commission made an order granting the franchise and formulated rules and regulations for defendant’s conduct thereunder, whereby, inter alia, the defendant is limited to “not more than three floods or splashes daily, at stated times, to be fixed and determined by the applicant,” etc. The use of splash-dams is also limited to the period between the first day of November and the first day of May of each year. Thereupon plaintiff commenced this suit. It is plaintiff’s contention that the Act of 1917, Chapter 128, is in violation of Section 4 of Article XI of the Constitution of Oregon, which reads as follows: “No person’s property shall be taken by any corporation, under authority of law, without compensation being first made or secured in such manner as may be prescribed by law.” Plaintiff’s attack upon the validity of the statute is directed to the provisions therein which permit the use of splash-dams and the entrance of loggers upon riparian lands for the purposes of reclaiming stranded logs, etc., without providing for the prior assessment and tender of compensation to the owner therefor. The defendant concedes, of course, that neither the state nor the defendant as its agent, has the right to take private property, even for a public use, without [735] compensation being first made or secured, but it very earnestly maintains that increasing or decreasing tbe natural flow of the water in the stream, and going upon the riparian owner’s private lands for reclaiming stranded logs, or aiding with their peaveys the passage of the logs in the stream, do not constitute a taking of property. 1. There is no question but that the Luckiamute River is a navigable stream for the purpose of floating timber products, not by virtue of the declaration of that fact in the act of 1917, but by reason of the fact that at certain periods of each year it is practicable to use it, in its natural stage, for such purposes: 1 Famham, Waters, § 24; Kamm v. Normand, 50 Or. 9 (91 Pac. 448, 126 Am. St. Rep. 698, 11 A. L. R. (N. S.) 290). In the case last cited Mr. Chief Justice Bean discusses nearly every question which might conceivably arise in a controversy like the one at bar. In discussing the elements which are requisite to establish the navigability of a stream for floating logs, he uses this language: ‘ ‘ But a stream which is not such a highway cannot be made one by the use of dams or other artificial means, without first acquiring the rights of riparian proprietors : 1 Farnham, Waters, § 139. Nor can a stream, navigable in its natural condition at certain stages of the water, be made so at other times by artificial means, such as flooding and the like. No one has a right to store water, and then suddenly release the accumulation, and thus increase the natural volume of the stream, and overflow, injure or wash the adjoining banks, or otherwise interfere with the rights of riparian owners. The riparian proprietor is entitled to the enjoyment of the natural flow of the stream with no burden or hindrance imposed by artificial means. (Citing a number of cases.) “Dams, dikes, embankments and the like may be constructed in or along floatable streams to facilitate their [736] use (Union Power Co. v. Lichty, 42 Or. 563 (71 Pac. 1044), but not to the extent of injuring the riparian proprietors by retarding the flow of the water or sending it down in increased volumes to his injury or at times when the stream would not otherwise be navigable. And this rule is not changed by the fact that a stream cannot be successfully used for logging purposes without such artificial aids to navigation on the ground of necessity. ’ ’ 2. It will be observed that the doctrine thus announced clearly asserts that interference with the natural flow of the stream, in so far as it injures the riparian proprietor, or interferes with his enjoyment of his right to the use of the stream, is a taking pro tanto of his property, which is governed by the constitutional provision above quoted. This statement of the law has been reaffirmed by this court in Trullinger v. Howe, 33 Or. 219 (97 Pac. 548, 99 Pac. 880, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 545), and Flinn v. Vaughn, 55 Or. 372 (106 Pac. 642), and must be taken as the settled law in this state, regardless of what may have been the holding in some other jurisdiction. 3. It should be observed, however, that the prior holdings of this court expressly limit the inhibition upon the use of splash-dams to such a use as works an injury to the rights of the riparian owner, and this limitation we think is a proper and just one. The decree of the lower court is an absolute restraint upon any increase or decrease of the natural flow of the stream, and it should be modified so as to enjoin any such increase or diminution of the natural flow of the stream to the injury of the plaintiff, and a decree will be entered here to that effect; neither party to recover costs in this court. Modified. Decree Entered. Eehearing Denied. Burnett and Harris, JJ., not sitting.