Sargent v. Foland

HARRIS, J. The theory of the plaintiff, as shown by the record, is that he and his mother and stepfather moved to the farm with the understanding at first that the plaintiff would do the work of operating the farm in consideration of one half of the proceeds derived from sales of milk. Originally it was the purpose to milk eight cows but because of the expense the decedent concluded not to attempt to keep more than four cows. Apparently because of this change of plan as to the number of cows to be kept and milked, a change was made in the agreement as to Sargent’s compensation for his work, and — 302 — so it was understood, according to the testimony of Sargent, that Kinnaman would pay the plaintiff “better than wages.” The plaintiff therefore says that he is entitled to recover the reasonable value of the work done by him, and .'he fixes the amount at $1,000. The theory of the defendant is that all the work done by the plaintiff was done under an agreement whereby the plaintiff was to receive one half of the proceeds derived from the sales of milk. In the answer it is alleged that about $600 was received for milk sold, and it is impliedly charged that all the proceeds from. the sales of milk were received by Sargent, and that he did not pay any of the proceeds to the decedent; and for that reason the defendant demanded a judgment against the plaintiff for $300. However, it was stipulated “between, the plaintiff and the defendant by their attorneys that all of the milk checks that were received during the operation of the farm by the plaintiff were made to Mrs. Kinnaman.” There is no evidence whatever indicating that the plaintiff received even a cent in cash; and, therefore, in view of the stipulation it is accurate to state that all of the proceeds derived from the sales of milk were received by Mrs. Kinnaman. Some milk checks were received in evidence, and, although we do not find the checks among the papers presented for our examination, we understand from the record that these checks bear the indorsement of Mrs. Kinnaman only. Sargent testified that he never received any of the moneys derived from the sales of milk, and there is no evidence indicating or even suggesting that Mrs. Kinnaman or her husband paid to the plaintiff any of the moneys received from sales of milk. The plaintiff was the first witness to testify. — 303 — He had explained about his coining from Eastern Oregon, about moving to the farm, about the original agreement, about the repairing of fences and the building of the bam, when he was asked the following question and gave the following answer: ‘ ‘ Q. When you went out there how many cows were there ? “A. Three — two cows and a stripper. And I traded this stripper off for another cow and paid $17 to boot out of my own money. That gave us three cows. And later on we bought another cow. And I gave $50 for that cow; and I had four cows then. And- that fall I bought three loads of hay from a man called Swartz down below Beaver.” The defendant objected “to any evidence about his buying cows and hay. ’ ’ The portion of the answer to which objection was made was not responsive to the question asked the witness; nor was it relevant to any issue raised by the pleading. The defendant ought to have moved to strike out the irrelevant part of the answer and requested the court to instruct the jury to disregard it. Notwithstanding ihe irrelevancy of part of the answer, it could not, in view of all the circumstances, as we read the record, have injured the plaintiff at all. The defendant complains because the court refused to permit Mrs. ■ Blanche Broughton to testify that she heard Mrs. Kinnaman say to Walter Kinnaman: “You know we can’t get anyone else to do the work for half the”milk checks.” Mrs. Kinnaman died before the trial in the Circuit Court. There was evidence from which the defendant could have argued that Mrs. Kinnaman “was transacting business for” her husband; and for that reason the defendant contends that Mrs. Broughton — 304 — ought to have been permitted to testify. The inference .to be drawn from the proffered testimony is that Mrs. Kinnaman was endeavoring to persuade her husband to pay the plaintiff something in addition to one half of the proceeds from the milk sales, and that the declaration attributed to her was in effect the declaration of Walter Kinnaman for the reason that she was attending to his business as his agent. Section 732, Or. L., provides that: “When a party to an action, suit, or proceeding by or against an executor appears as a witness in his own behalf, or offers evidence of statements made by deceased against the interest of the deceased, statements of the deceased concerning the same subject matter in his own favor may also be proven.” If the declaration had been made by Walter Kinnaman it would be competent under Section 732, Or. L., but the language of that section does not include the declaration of an agent. The court received as evidence, over the objection of the defendant, the verified claim which the plaintiff had presented and the executor rejected; and the defendant insists that this ruling was erroneous. The statute does not prescribe any particular form for a claim presented against an estate. It is sufficient if the claim and affidavit show a substantial subsisting liability in favor of the claimant and notifies the representative of the estate of the character and amount of the claim. The facts constituting the claim may be asserted in general terms and need not be stated with the particularity required in an action at law: Wilkes v. Cornelius, 21 Or. 348, 350 (28 Pac. 135); Tharp v. Jackson, 85 Or. 78, 85 (165 Pac. 585, 1173); In re Anderson’s Estate, 101 Or. 94 (198 Pac. 236, 238); Branch v. Lambert, 103 Or. 423 (205 Pac. 995, 1002). — 305 — The defendant insists that the verified claim was insufficient and therefore inadmissible because it fails affirmatively to declare that the services were rendered pursuant to an express promise by the decedent to pay for them. Indeed, the verified claim is based, so far as it appears on its face, upon an implied promise inferred by the law. It is also argued that the complaint is vulnerable because it fails to allege an express promise by the decedent to pay. In other words, the defendant contends that because one was a stepson and the other was the stepfather services rendered by the former are presumed to have been gratuitous unless the services were rendered under an express agreement or unless the circumstances show that the one expected to receive and the other expected to make payment. The general rule is that where valuable services are rendered by one for another, the law implies a promise to pay whatever sum the services are reasonably worth. But this general rule does not apply to a parent and child. It is so usual and so natural for a parent, prompted only by parental love and the instincts common to the human race, to serve the child, and it is likewise so usual and so natural for the child, moved solely by filial affection and the common human instincts, to serve the parent, that the law not only refuses to imply a promise to pay where one serves the other, but on the contrary it presumes that such service was rendered gratuitously. And this presumption can only be overcome by evidence of an express agreement, or its equivalent, to pay: Wilkes v. Cornelius, 21 Or. 348 (28 Pac. 135); 29 Cyc. 1630. The relation of parent and child of itself creates the presumption of gratuitousness; and since this presumption cannot be overcome except by force — 306 — of an express agreement, or its equivalent, it logically follows that the burden of proof is on the child to allege' and prove an express contract, or its equivalent: McGarvey v. Roods, 73 Iowa, 363 (35 N. W. 488); 29 Cyc. 1620, 1621. If the relation of stepfather and stepchild, like that of parent and child, of itself raises a presumption of gratuitousness, then the verified claim presented by the plaintiff to the defendant was insufficient, and the complaint, although it alleges that the decedent “employed plaintiff,” is at least subject to criticism, even though it might not be fatally defective. The relation of parent and child of itself creates reciprocal rights and duties. On the contrary, the relation of stepfather and stepchild does not of itself impose any duty upon one to the other or create any right assertahle by one against the other. The mere fact that one is the stepfather and the other a stepson does not impose upon the one the duty of support or upon the other the duty of service: Gerber v. Bauerline, 17 Or. 115, 117 (19 Pac. 849); Wilson’s Guardianship, 40 Or. 353, 358 (68 Pac. 393, 69 Pac. 439); State v. Langford, 90 Or. 251, 267 (176 Pac. 197); Bartley v. Richtmyer, 4 N. Y. 38 (53 Am. Dec. 338); 20 R. C. L. 594; 29 Cyc. 1667. A stepfather does not, merely because of the relation, stand in loco parentis to his stepson. If, however, a stepfather receives a stepchild into his family and treats the child as a member of his family he places himself in loco parentis, and the reciprocal rights and duties of parent and child are thus created and will continue to exist as long- as the stepfather continues to stand in that position: Gerber v. Bauerline, 17 Or. 115, 117 (19 Pac. 849); Daniel v. Tolon, 53 Okl. 666 (157 Pac. 756, 4 A. L. R. 704); People v. Porter, 287 Ill. 401 (123 N. E. 59, 7 A. L. R. 1041). — 307 — If the stepson lives with the stepfather as a member of his family and by reason of that fact the stepfather stands in loco parentis to the stepchild, then it necessarily follows that in snch circumstances the stepchild is required to allege and prove an express contract, or its equivalent, for the same reason that a child is required to allege and prove such a contract. But suppose that the stepchild does not live with the stepfather as a member of his family. The bare fact of the relation of stepfather and stepchild does not create any duty or give rise to any right as between them; and consequently it would be illogical and inconsistent to say that any presumption of gratuitousness arises out of.the single fact that services are rendered by a stepson for a stepfather. It is entirely possible for a stepson to render services to a stepfather or for a brother to perform work for a brother or sister on a promise implied by the law to pay for the services, just as in the case of services rendered by one stranger for another; and therefore it was not necessary for the stepson to allege or prove an express contract or its equivalent Nor was it necessary for the plaintiff to state in his verified claim or to aver in his complaint that he had not lived with his stepfather as a member of his family. If the verified claim had shown that the stepson lived with the stepfather as a member of his family, then it would have been necessary for the claimant to show an express contract, or its equivalent, in order to meet the requirements of the rule announced in Wilkes v. Cornelius, 21 Or. 348 (28 Pac. 135). But the verified claim did not show a family relationship; nor can it be said that the evidence undeniably establishes such a relationship. The evidence is meager upon the subject. We know from the record that the step — 308 — son, the mother and the stepfather moved to the farm and that they lived there; and this is substantially all that the record shows. We do not know, and cannot know, from the record the circumstances surrounding them, except as already stated. Moreover, the defendant did not at the trial nor does he now claim that the decedent stood in loco parentis to the plaintiff. The implication which ordinarily arises where one person accepts valuable services rendered by another is. overcome where the parties are parent and child, or perhaps it is more accurate to say that where the parties are parent and child the law, instead of presuming a promise to pay, presumes that service rendered by the child was gratuitous; but where the relationship is more remote than that of parent and child, the relationship is not of itself sufficient to overcome the implication which the law ordinarily raises where one party renders, valuable services for another. Where one is a stepfather and the other is a stepson the fact of the relationship unaccompanied by any other fact does not create a presumption that service rendered by one for the other was gratuitous; but if the fact of such relationship is accompanied by the fact that the stepson lived with the other as a member of his family, the presumption arises that the service rendered by the stepson was intended to be gratuitous; and when this presumption arises the claimant must show an express contract, or its equivalent. The moment it appears that the stepson lived with his stepfather as a member of the latter’s household then at that moment it devolves upon the stepson to show an express contract, or its equivalent, to pay for services rendered; but if it does not appear from the showing made by the stepson or from that made by the step — 309 — father that the family relation subsisted, then the stepson is not necessarily required to show an express contract, or its equivalent, to pay for services rendered. There are some precedents, as, for example, Hudson v. Lutz, 50 N. C. 217, and Sharp v. Cropsey, 11 Barb. (N. Y.) 224, see, also, 13 R. C. L. 1189), where the language used by the court might seem to lay down the rule that if a stepchild renders service for a stepparent the service is presumed to have been rendered gratuitously; but an examination of those cases and others employing like language will disclose that one party lived with the other as a member of his family, and therefore, as applied to the actual facts, the language employed by the court was not only appropriate but a correct statement of the rule acknowledged everywhere. Our conclusion that the bare fact of relationship of stepfather and stepson is not enough to overcome the implication of a promise to pay for valuable services rendered is, it seems to us, logical and consistent; and, furthermore, it is'supported by the following precedents: Smith v. Milligan, 43 Pa. 107; Horton’s Appeal, 94 Pac. 62; Curry v. Curry, 114 Pa. 367 (7 Atl. 61); Gerz v. Demarra, 162 Pa. 530 (29 Atl. 761, 42 Am. St. Rep. 842); Ellis v. Cary, 74 Wis. 176 (17 Am. St. Rep. 125, 42 N. W. 252, 4 L. R. A. 55); Williams v. Williams, 114 Wis. 79 (89 N. W. 835); Wence v. Wykoff, 52 Iowa, 644 (3 N. W. 685); Callahan v. Riggins, 43 Mo. App. 130; Moore v. Renick, 95 Mo. App. 202 (68 S. W. 936); Cowell v. Roberts, 79 Mo. 218. See, also, Briggs v. Briggs, 46 Vt. 577; James v. Gillen, 3 Ind. App. 472 (30 N. E. 7); Gill v. Staylor, 93 Md. 453 (49 Atl. 650); Disbrow v. Durand, 54 N. J. L. 343 (24 Atl. 343, 33 Am. St. Rep. 678); note in 11 L. R. A. (N. S.) 882. — 310 — If the family relation did not subsist between the plaintiff and the defendant, the law may imply a promise to pay for valuable services. But even though the family relation did exist and for that reason it became necessary for the plaintiff to prove an express agreement to pay, or an expectation on the part of one to receive and an expectation on the part of the other to pay, it was not essential that the plaintiff show that the parties agreed upon the amount of the compensation: McGarvey v. Roods, 73 Iowa, 363 (35 N. W. 488). It is true that the claimant must sue on the claim which he presented to the executor, but it is also true that the plaintiff complied with this rule. It is, true that the verified claim is for the reasonable valúe of the services; but it is also true that the complaint does not depart from the verified claim, for the complaint is based upon the theory that the plaintiff is entitled to recover the reasonable value of his services. The plaintiff testified that the decedent promised to pay “better than wages”; but the plaintiff is not seeking to recover “better than wag’es,” for he is endeavoring to recover only the reasonable value of his services. Indeed, if the plaintiff was not a member of the decedent’s family and the parties had agreed upon a fixed amount as compensation, the plaintiff could, after the completion of the work, have presented his claim and filed his complaint based on quantum meruit and proved an express contract fixing the price: Tharp v. Jackson, 85 Or. 78 (165 Pac. 585, 1173); Toy v. Gong, 87 Or. 454, 461 (170 Pac. 931). The defendant assigns as error the giving of the following instruction: — 311 — “The main question here is, was the plaintiff employed by Kinnaman, and, if employed, what were the terms of the agreement? And you must determine that from the evidence. And before the plaintiff can recover he must be corroborated. But you have a right to take into consideration any admissions you may find in the answer as to the amount due the plaintiff. ’ ’ The defendant excepted to that part of the quoted instruction “which speaks of the admissions in the answer, as to the amount of money received.” The instruction to which objection is made was the last instruction given before the giving of the statutory instructions which, in this instance as in most cases, constitute the concluding portion of the charge to the jury. The court had previously told the jury that the answer alleged that milk worth $600 had been sold and that the plaintiff had not only been paid by reason of having received and retained $300 but that he had not paid over to the decedent the remaining $300 and that because of such failure the plaintiff was indebted to the defendant in the sum of $300. In substance the court instructed the jury that the defendant admitted that the plaintiff had earned $300 but alleged that the plaintiff had been paid. The defendant did not except to any of these instructions which preceded the one now under examination. The instruction challenged by the defendant could not in any possible view have injured him. The plaintiff says he worked on the farm; the defendant also says that the plaintiff worked on the farm. The plaintiff says that he did the work for compensation to be paid; the defendant also says that the plaintiff did the work for compensation to be paid. The plaintiff says that he earned $1,000; the defendant denies that the plaintiff earned $1,000, but the defendant — 312 — does in effect say that the plaintiff earned $300. The plaintiff says that he has not been paid; the defendant says in his answer that the plaintiff has been paid by reason of having received $600 from the sales of milk and that he is entitled to retain $300 as payment bnt that he owes the remaining $300 to the defendant. However, during the trial the defendant stipulated that “all of the milk checks that were received during the operation of the farm by the plaintiff were made out to Mrs. Kinnaman”; and the uncontradicted evidence is that she received the milk checks as agent of the decedent. The record shows that Sargent did not indorse any of the milk cheeks, and, on the other hand, Mrs. Kinnaman did indorse all of them. The uncontradicted evidence is that the plaintiff did not receive any of the proceeds from the milk checks. In brief, the defendant did, in the final analysis, admit that the plaintiff earned $300 and that no part of that sum had been paid to him. The inference to be drawn from the verdict is that the jury agreed with the defendant, for they allowed the plaintiff only $300. Our conclusion is that the' record is free from reversible error, and, therefore, the judgment is affirmed. Affirmed. Bean, Brown and McCourt, JJ., concur.