Coker & Bellamy v. Richey

HARRIS, J. Although it may sometimes be difficult to determine whether a given payment is voluntary or involuntary a comprehensive statement of the rule appears in Brumagin v. Tillinghast, 18 Cal. 265 (79 Am. Dec. 176). “It may be said in general that there must be actual or threatened exercise of power possessed, or supposed to be possessed, by the party exacting or receiving the payment, over the person or property of the party making the.payment, from which the latter has no other means of immediate relief than by advancing the money.” The sheriff was armed with a writ of execution and by force of it he had seized property owned by Coker; and obviously payment by Coker was compulsory. It is likewise manifest that payment by Bellamy to prevent the carrying out of the threat of seizure was compulsory; and so say the authorities: Duniway v. Cellars-Murton Co., 92 Or. 113 (170 Pac. 298, 179 Pac. 561); Knox County Bank v. Doty, 9 Ohio St. 505 (75 Am. Dec. 479); Kaiser v. Barron, 153 Cal. 474 (95 Pac. 879); First National Bank of Sturgis v. Watkins, 21 Mich. 483; Hiler v. Hiler, 35 — 483 — Ohio St. 645; Chambliss v. Haas, 125 Iowa, 484 (101 N. W. 153, 3 Ann. Cas. 16, 68 L. R. A. 126). The fact situation presented here is one where the Circuit Court decreed a dismissal of the suit and allowed to Richey his costs and disbursements. Coker and Bellamy were by the decree and processes of the Circuit Court compelled to pay such costs and disbursements. But upon appeal it was held that the decree which allowed Richey to recover his costs and disbursements was erroneous; and the final determination was that Coker was entitled to recover his costs and disbursements from Richey, and that as between Bellamy and Richey neither should recover from the other costs and disbursements. The original decree of the Circuit Court conferred upon Richey the right to collect costs and disbursements, but that right was subject to being dissolved or rendered indissoluble upon appeal. The right to collect costs and disbursements was dissolved upon appeal, and hence after the decision of the appellate court Richey is found possessing moneys collected for him by force of process which had been based upon a decree that in the end was set aside; and because of this situation the law imposes upon Richey an obligation to make restitution of the moneys so acquired by him: McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 354 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12); Duniway v. Cellars-Morton Co., 92 Or. 113, 116 (170 Pac. 298, 179 Pac. 561); Metschan v. Grant County, 36 Or. 117, 120 (58 Pac. 80); Scholey v. Halsey, 72 N. Y. 578, 582; United States Bank v. Bank of Washington, 6 Pet. (U. S.) 8 (8 L. Ed. 299, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Hinchman v. Ripinsky, 202 Fed. 625 (121 C. C. A. 35); Dodson v. Butler, 101 Ark. 416 (142 S. W. 503, Ann. Cas. 1913E, 1001, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1100). — 484 — When a judgment is vacated after it has been by compulsion paid, the party who was so compelled to pay is entitled to have restored to him all that he lost under the erroneous judgment; and the party to whom such payment was made is obliged to make restoration. The right of restoration is of common-law origin and while many of the states have incorporated the right in a statute, it is frequently, if not usually, held that such statutes are merely cumulative: Northwestern Fuel Co. v. Brock, 139 U. S. 216 (35 L. Ed. 151, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 523, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Harrigan v. Gilchrist, 121 Wis. 127, 441 (99 N. W. 909); Haebler v. Myers, 132 N. Y. 363 (30 N. E. 963, 28 Am. St. Rep. 589, 15 L. R. A. 588). Costs and disbursements may properly become the subject of restitution: Hinchman v. Ripinsky, 202 Fed. 625 (121 C. C. A. 35); Drescher Rotberg Co. v. Landeker, 82 Misc. Rep. 441 (143 N. Y. Supp. 1050). The right of restitution is unhesitatingly recognized in all jurisdictions where the rules of common law are given any application; but though the existence of the right is unquestioned, the mode of exercising it is not always the same and varies with the circumstances. In jurisdictions where the common-law procedure is observed, if the amount paid appears on the record brought to the appellate court and is thus there made certain, that court may issue a writ of restitution; but where the amount to be restored does not appear in the record filed in the appellate court, a scire facias may be necessary to ascertain how much is to be restored: McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 355 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12); United States Bank v. Bank of Washington, 6 Pet. (U. S.) 8 (8 L. Ed. 299); Northwestern Fuel Co. v. Brock, 139 U. S. 216 (35 L. Ed. 151, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 523, see, — 485 — also, Bose’s U. S. Notes); Martin v. Woodruff, 2 Ind. 237; Haebler v. Myers, 132 N. Y. 363 (30 N. E. 963, 28 Am. St. Rep. 589, 15 L. R. A. 588); Flemings v. Riddick’s Exr., 5 Gratt. (Va.) 272 (50 Am. Dec. 119) ; Carroll v. Draughon, 173 Ala. 338 (56 South. 209). Although we are not now concerned with whether or not a party who has been compelled to pay a judgment may after such judgment has been vacated elect to pursue as his remedy an independent action, it is not inappropriate to direct attention to the fact that such an election is frequently, if not generally, permitted, and the party is allowed to prosecute an action for money had and received: McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 355 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12) ; Lewis v. Hull, 39 Conn. 116; Field v. Anderson, 103 Ill. 403; Owings v. Owings, 10 Gill & J. (Md.) 267; Stevens v. Fitch, 11 Met. (Mass.) 248; Haebler v. Myers, 132 N. Y. 363 (30 N. E. 963, 28 Am. St. Rep. 589, 15 L. R. A. 588); Clark v. Pinney, 6 Cow. (N. Y.) 297. While it has been stated by a tribunal of high authority that there may be instances where an original action is the only available remedy, the case presented here is not one of them: Cummings v. Noyes, 10 Mass. 433. Our present concern is to ascertain whether a party may recover a compulsory payment without resorting to an independent action; and we find that both at common law and under the statutes in most jurisdictions a party may have restitution by a summary proceeding in the same suit or action: 4 C. J. 1238; Carroll v. Draughon, 173 Ala. 338 (56 South. 209); Peticolas v. Carpenter, 53 Tex. 23; Keck v. Allender, 42 W. Va. 420 (26 S. E. 437). — 486 — An order to show canse is equivalent to a scire facias: Horton v. State, 63 Neb. 34 (88 N. W. 146); and so, too, a motion or any pleading which gives notice and affords an opportunity to be heard should be treated as such equivalent: McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 355 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12); Keck v. Allender, 42 W. Va. 420 (26 S. E. 437); First National Bank v. Elliott, 60 Kan. 172 (55 Pac. 880); Carroll v. Draughon, 173 Ala. 338 (56 South. 209). Under the Code practice a party may move in the appellate court for restitution, particularly where the record' on appeal shows payment; and obviously if the fact of payment is not shown by the record brought to the appellate court a party may move for restitution in the inferior court: McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 355 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12); Howland v. Fenner Mfg. Co., 104 Or. 373, 380 (206 Pac. 730, 207 Pac. 1096); Hall v. Emmons, 11 Abb. Pr. (N. S.) [N. Y.] 435. Under Section 558, Or. L., it is provided that when the appellate court reverses or modifies a judgment or decree of a Circuit Court, it “may direct complete restitution of all property and rights lost thereby.” In McFadden v. Swinerton, 36 Or. 336, 356 (59 Pac. 816, 62 Pac. 12), it is suggested on the authority of Farmer v. Rogers, 10 Cal. 335, and Hewitt v. Dean, 91 Cal. 617 (28 Pac. 93, 25 Am. St. Rep. 227), that possibly Section 558, Or. L., applies “only to those cases where the judgment operates upon specific property in such a manner that its title is not changed, as by directing the possession of real estate, or the delivery of documents, or of particular personal property in the hands of the defendant, and the like.” — 487 — However, for another discussion of a similar statute, see Haebler v. Myers, 132 N. Y. 363 (30 N. E. 963, 28 Am. St. Rep. 589, 15 L. R. A. 588), and Kidd v. Curry, 29 Hun (N. Y.), 215. But whether Section 558, Or. L., is accorded a comprehensive or only a limited construction the statute cannot in either event he said to deprive the Circuit Court of the power of ordering restitution upon a motion filed in that court by a party if the appellate court has not decided that such party is without the right of restitution: Reynolds v. Harris, 14 Cal. 667 (76 Am. Dec. 459). Every court has inherent power to undo that which it had no power to do or erroneously did originally and, to the extent restoration is possible, to restore the parties to their former positions; and jurisdiction of the Circuit Court to exercise this power remains with it “so long as the parties and the case are properly before it, either in the first instance or when remanded to it by an appellate tribunal.” Northwestern Fuel Co. v. Brock, 139 U. S. 216, 219 (35 L. Ed. 151, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 523, 524, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Hiler v. Hiler, 35 Ohio St. 645; Elliott’s Estate, 5 Pa. Dist. Rep. 349; Dodson v. Butler, 101 Ark 416 (142 S. W. 503, Ann. Cas. 1913E, 1001, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1100); Flemings v. Riddick’s Exr., 5 Gratt. (Va.) 272 (50 Am. Dec. 119). When the plaintiffs’ appeal was presented to this court on the merits we did not speak upon the subject of restitution; nor were we asked to make any order of restitution. Indeed, for aught that now appears the record presented on the appeal did not show a compulsory or any payment of costs and disbursements by the plaintiffs. As a result of the appeal, the decree of the Circuit Court was set aside; and consequently the mandate of the appellate court — 488 — enabled tbe Circuit Court to exercise its inherent power to correct its error and to restore to tbe plaintiffs all that they bad been compelled to lose under tbe erroneous decree. If tbe plaintiffs bad filed a paper labeled “motion” and tbe paper bad contained tbe same information as is given in cost bill No. 2 concerning tbe facts, undoubtedly tbe Circuit Court would bave been authorized to grant an order of restitution. It is true that, strictly speaking, tbe items now sought to be recovered by tbe plaintiffs cannot be classified as costs and disbursements; nor can recovery be allowed under tbe chapter of the Code which treats of costs and disbursements. But tbe fact that a wrong label is given to tbe paper should not prevent tbe plaintiffs from recovering. All tbe material facts sufficiently appear, and on those facts tbe plaintiffs are entitled to bave restored to them tbe moneys which they were compelled to pay to tbe defendant. If tbe paper bad been labeled “indictment,” or “deed,” or “mortgage,” tbe label would not bave made it such; nor does tbe label “cost bill” make tbe paper a cost bill if in truth tbe facts stated in it show it to be something else. Tbe cause was before tbe Circuit Court. Tbe defendant appeared and objected. All the parties were present and were beard. Tbe Circuit Court bad jurisdiction of tbe cause and of tbe parties; and therefore to refuse relief to tbe plaintiffs would be to subordinate a reality to a misnomer and to permit substance to be governed and controlled by mere form. No good reason appears to prevent the court from treating tbe so-called cost bill No. 2 as tbe equivalent of a motion and tbe ruling of tbe Circuit Court as an order. Technically speaking, tbe ruling of tbe Circuit Court, which was in effect an order of restitution, is — 489 — not, standing alone, a judgment or a decree in the sense in which either of those two terms is understood, for a judgment is the end of an action and a decree is the end of a suit. Nor is it necessary to determine whether an order, which stands alone and is not made a part of a judgment or decree, can be enforced by a writ of execution. In the instant case when the Circuit Court ruled that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover, the court directed that the amounts allowed to the plaintiffs be inserted in the decree rendered upon the mandate. This practice was approved in Hinchman v. Ripinsky, 202 Fed. 625 (121 C. C. A. 35), an appeal from a District Court of the United States for Alaska; and the practice also has our approval: 4 C. J. 1239; Kennedy v. O’Brien, 2 E. D. Smith (N. Y.), 41. Affirmed. Affirmed.