Ferraria v. Vasconcelles

Walker, J. The first question presented by this record which we propose to consider, is, in whom is the legal title to this property vested ? The conveyance by the grantor to the five persons named as trustees in the deed, is not questioned, and we may assume that, on the first day of September, 1852, the title was vested in them for the use of the church. After-wards there was, on the 8th day of October, 1855, an effort to incorporate the church under the 3rd division of the 25th chapter, R. S., entitled “ Corporations.” The 44th section of that chapter authorizes the members of any society or congregation formed in this State for purposes of religious worship, to receive or purchase and hold real estate, not exceeding ten acres, and to assume a name, and to elect or appoint any number of trustees, not exceeding ten, to be styled trustees of such society or congregation by the name assumed, and that the title to land purchased shall vest in the trustees, by that name. The 45th section provides that, immediately after the trustees are elected or appointed by such society, as provided in the preceding section, the persons elected or appointed shall make a certificate under their hands ■ and seals, stating the date of their election or appointment, the name of the society, and the length of time for which they were appointed or elected, which is required to be verified by affidavit of some one of the persons making the same, and that it shall be recorded in the recorder’s office of the county in which the society is formed, and that the trustees shall hold their office during the period stated in the certificate. It also provides for electing successors to such trustees, at the expiration of the term of their office, and that the trustees whose term of office shall have expired, shall make alike certificate, signed and verified, to be recorded in the same manner as is required in the first instance. The latter clause of the 49th section provides that the rights and powers conferred by that division shall not be exercised by such society until its provisions shall have been complied with. It will be observed that the certificate of the 8th of October, 1855, wholly fails to state the length of time for which the persons elected were to serve as trustees, the certificate is not under seal, and in both of these respects fails to comply with the requirements of the statute. It was not recorded until the 16th of April, 1858, two years and a half after the election, and this, too, without having been verified by affidavit. It is true, that after it was recorded, and on the seventh day of May following, it was verified by the affidavit of one of their number, and appears to have been again recorded on that date. Even this certificate was not amended so as to meet the requirements of the statute, by having seals attached, and stating the period for which the trustees had been elected. Up to this time, there was certainly no such compliance with the statute as created them a corporation, and the property did not, nor could it, by anything they had done, vest in these trustees. The statute must be at least substantially complied with in its provisions, and all of its express requirements must be observed. We have no power to dispense with such requirements, and render illegal acts valid and binding. It is not within the province of the court to question the propriety of such requirements when imposed by the legislature, and in this case they are few, simple, and easily performed. But whether they are the most salutary is not a question which we can consider; they have been imposed as a condition to the organization of these corporations, and must be performed before corporate rights can attach. And this is expressly declared to be the legislative will by the latter clause of the forty-ninth section of that division. The question is then presented, whether the election held on the eighteenth day of May, 1858, after the division in the church had occurred, and which was duly signed, sealed, verified, recorded, and certified the length of time for which the trustees were elected, and was in other respects in the form required by the statute, organized a corporation, and vested the title to the property in that body of trustees. To determine this question, it will be necessary to ascertain what effect, if any, the vote of the church in favor of withdrawing from its connection with the Sangamon Presbytery, resulting in a division and separate organizations, had upon the right to this property. That the minority who elected trustees on the 18th of May, 1858, are still adhering to the faith of the body of which this church was a constituent part, seems to be incontrovertible from the evidence, which shows that they adhere to the decision of the ecclesiastical court, which, by the constitution of the Presbyterian Church, is invested with the power to determine such questions. The jurisdiction of that tribunal is not denied, but it is insisted by the secessionists that, when the church attached itself to the presbytery, it was agreed that the question as to the validity of the baptism of the Roman Catholic Church should be waived, and that both parties in future should exercise forbearance, and that the having the question presented to, and decided by the presbytery, was an act of bad faith, which absolved them from all obligation to continue their connection with the presbytery. It nowhere appears that the presbytery was a party to this arrangement, but so far as the evidence shows, it was confined alone to the members of this church. The defendants have failed to show that there is any provision in the constitution of the Presbyterian Church, as it is organized in this country, which authorizes an individual church to withdraw from the body. Nor was any authority produced to show the existence of such a right. With temporal, as well as ecclesiastical governments, as a general rule, there is no means by which any of the subordinate members of the government, or even the individuals attached to the organization, may, without the consent of the body, sever their connection with the organization. This is true of most of the moral, benevolent, and other associations of this and other countries. And the presumption, in the absence of proof, is that the constitution of the Presbyterian Church as a body, in this country, recognizes no such right. By the organic law of that body, a member cannot withdraw from the church without the assent of the session, nor can a church withdraw from it's presbytery without the consent of the synod, and all efforts to do so are irregular and revolutionary, according to the law of their organization. After individuals or organized bodies have entered into a compact or agreement, it requires the assent of the contracting parties to abrogate the agreement, and no reason is perceived, on this principle,why a church which, by compact, has become a portion of the presbytery, should have the voluntary right to withdraw from the organization without mutual consent. No such right has been proved to exist by the usages of the Presbyterian Church. In the case of Shannon v. Frost, 3 B. Mon. .253, the court say of the withdrawing members: “ They not being now members of the church to whose use the ground was conveyed, the appellants seem no longer to be entitled to any beneficial interest in that property, nor to any other right which this court can either enforce or recognize; and consequently, the old church, as organized at the date of that conveyance, and still subsisting, must be entitled to the exclusive use and enjoyment of the property for all the purposes for which it was first dedicated, and as that right is of the character of a trust, is it not the duty of a court of equity to uphold it, and secure its full and undisturbed enjoyment ? ” In the same opinion, the court hold, that as the conveyance was to the church, as an organized body of professing Christians, every member of that church had a beneficial interest in the property thus conveyed, so long as he or she continued to be a member, but no longer. That it is only as a constituent element of the organized body or church, that any person can acquire, or hold, as cestui que trust, any interest in the property. And they refer to Curd v. Wallace, 7 Dana, 195, in support of this doctrine. The court say that the judicial eye cannot penetrate the veil of the church, for the forbidden purpose of vindicating the alleged wrongs of the excised members; that when they became members, they did so upon the condition! of continuing or not, as they and their churches might determine ; that they thereby submitted to the ecclesiastical power, and cannot invoke the supervisory power of the civil tribunals. The same court, in the case of Gibson v. Armstrong, 7 B. Mon. 481, announce the rule, that in case of the division of the local society into two organized parts, though the individuals of each party might still answer to the general description of the beneficiaries described in the deed, that it does not follow that each party would be entitled to the use of the house of worship. That the use belongs, in subordination to the rules of discipline, to the local sociéty and to individuals as members of it. The title to the use, so far as it depends upon the deed, must, in case of a divided society, be determined by the question, which of the two contending bodies is entitled, according to the rules and discipline, and the laws of the church, to be regarded as the true society, by which and for whose use the lot was purchased, and the building erected and held ? The court say that they will not determine that there could not be a case of friendly and authorized division of a local society, when being recognized by the other, and by the higher authorities of the church, which might be entitled to participate in the use which had belonged to the united body. But next to the diffusion of the Christian faith and morals, the church has in view the promotion of union and harmony, and order and subordination throughout every part of the great association for whose government they were intended. They hold that the separating body cannot, by its own mere will, nor by assuming an internal organization conforming to the rules and discipline, and usages of the church, nor by placing over itself a preacher of its own choice, nor by claiming to be the true and only society of the church belonging to the place, become ipso facto an*organized portion of the general body, or church, until recognized by the proper authority of the church, and that it would stand as an isolated body, unconnected with the general organization, and independent of it. Again, in the case of Hadden v. Churn, 8 B. Mon. 70, the same court hold, that it is not material whether the separating members be regarded as expelled or seceding from the church, in reference to their claim. They say the question is, whether they are the church or party for whose use the property has been dedicated. And that if they are not, it is manifest they have no interest. In this case there can be no doubt that the complainants are still conforming to the usages and discipline of the church as it was organized when the conveyance was made, and are submitting to the jurisdiction and authority of the higher tribunals of the organization of the Presbyterian Church, while the .defendants have withdrawn all connection with it and attached themselves to another and wholly different organization. This the evidence shows, and the fact is not controverted. Then, notwithstanding the cases above referred to were each where the separating body were the minority, and not a majority, as in this case, still the principles announced, must and do cover a case, where the smaller number adhere to the usages, tenets and discipline of the church, as fully as if they were the greater number. The object of the donations of money, the purchase of the property and the erection of the church edifice, was to afford a place of worship according to the usages and principles of the body as then organized, and not according to the usages of some other body. When the defendants and their party withdrew from the church, and refused to recognize its authority, they abandoned all right to the use of the property as an independent body or organization. They no longer constituted the same church or any part of it, as it was organized, when the property was acquired, and are not entitled to its use, but in our opinion the complainants and their party are entitled to its exclusive use. The defendants having failed to comply with the statute in their effort to become incorporated, and even if their last amendment and record of their certificate had been in the time required by the statute, which we are not prepared to admit, the property remained in the trustees named in the deed, up to the 18 th day of May, 1858. And as the church or body who then conformed to the original usages of the church, and were, as we think, the church answering the description of the body named in the deed, and for whose use it was procured, in compliance with the statute, elected trustees and became incorporated, under the statute, they hold the legal title as well as the equitable right to its exclusive possession and enjoyment. Wherefore, the -decree of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings. Decree reversed.