In re Bollig

Mr. Justice BREese delivered the opinion of the Court. This is an application for a habeas corpus, in which the petitioner alleges that he is imprisoned and detained in the jail of Bureau county, by the sheriff of that county, without any legal authority, under color of a pretended commitment issued by a justice of the peace of that county. Prom the proofs exhibited, it appears the petitioner was duly prosecuted and convicted before the police magistrate of Princeton, in the county of Bureau, of a violation of section two of an ordinance of that town relating to brandy, rum, gin, whisky, beer, etc., adopted February 23, 1863. This ordinance provides, among other things, by section two, that if any person shall sell, barter, or exchange ale, porter, beer, etc., within the corporate limits of the town, or within one mile thereof, he shall be considered and adjudged guilty of a nuisance, and every such person shall, upon conviction thereof, forfeit and pay to the town, the sum of twenty-five dollars for each and every offense, and be imprisoned in the county jail until the fine and costs are paid. The first question arising in this case is, had the town council of the town of Princeton power to pass this ordinance ? The charter of the town was granted by an act of the General Assembly, approved February 18, 1857, and is declared a public act. Session Laws 1857, page 1415. By clause six of article four, the town council has power to make regulations to secure the general health of the inhabitants; to declare what shall be a nuisance, and to prevent and remove the same. By clause nineteen, to tax, restrain, prohibit and suppress tippling houses, dram shops, gambling houses, etc., within the town and within five miles thereof, but not to license any house or place for the sale of intoxicating drinks of any kind as a beverage. By clause thirty-one, to regulate the police of the town ; to impose fines and forfeitures and penalties for the breach of any ordinance, and to provide for the recovery of such fines and forfeitures, and the enforcement of such penalties. By clause thirty-three, to prevent and prohibit the introduction, keeping, manufacturing or selling of any vinous, malt, spirituous, mixed or intoxicating liquors within the town, and within five miles thereof, except for chemical, medicinal and mechanical purposes, etc. By clause thirty-four, to make all ordinances which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into expiration (operation) the powers specified in the act, so that such ordinances be not repugnant to nor inconsistent with the constitution of the United States or of this State. By clause three of article seven, the town council has power to provide for the punishment of offenders against the ordinances of the town, by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days for any one offense, and in all cases where such offenders shall fail or refuse to pay the fines, forfeitures and costs which may be recorded (recovered) or adjudged against them; and it shall be competent for the magistrate or other court before whom the same shall be tried, to direct that such offenders shall be committed to the county jail until such fines, forfeitures and costs shall be paid or otherwise discharged by due process of law. Page 1423. Wrong punctuation, by placing a semi-colon after the word “them,” with the insertion of the conjunction “and,” which we have underscored, makes a bad sentence. By omitting them, the sentence is made intelligible, and expresses the meaning of the legislature, which is, that if the convicted party shall fail or refuse to pay the fine, etc., it shall be competent for the magistrate to direct that he be committed to the county jail, until, etc. Ample power is given by the charter, it appears, to pass the ordinance in question. It is in conformity to the power conferred in all respects. The counsel for the petitioner takes the ground that this imprisonment so authorized, is punishment — that it is a part of the judgment, and that it was the intent of the ordinance to create an offense punishable with imprisonment and fine. In support of this view, reference is made to the third section of the ordinance which declares a certain offense to be a nuisance, and to be punished by fine and imprisonment “ as is provided in said second section.” It is quite probable the town council, in enacting this ordinance, may have had more enlarged views of their powers than their real extent would justify. When that section comes before us for examination, such a construction will be put upon it, as the words used, and the object of the enactment will warrant. Upon the hypothesis that the second section denounces punishment by imprisonment on a conviction for its breach, it is correctly said, the police magistrate had no jurisdiction of the offense, for such magistrate is no more than a justice of the peace (In the matter of James Welsh, ex parte, 17 Ill. 161), and is within the prohibition of the tenth section of article thirteen of the constitution of the State. That article, in the proviso, declares emphatically, that justices of the peace shall try no person except as a court of inquiry, for any offense punishable with imprisonment or death, or fine above one hundred dollars. Scates’ Oomp. 73. - But does this ordinance denounce imprisonment on conviction ? We do not so understand it. Power is given to the magistrate to assess a fine only, on conviction. .The language is, “ shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty-five dollars.” This is the whole extent of the punishment, the assessment of ñ fine. The imprisonment, though connected in the sentence by the copulative conjunction “and,” is but a mode provided for collecting the fine and costs. It is incident to the power to fine, and cannot, in our judgment, be regarded in the light of punishment. Paley on Convictions, 271. The constitution never designed to abridge the modes usually resorted to, and most generally pursued, to carry out the powers with which justices of the peace are vested. They have power to try a case and assess a fine on conviction, if the fine does not exceed one hundred dollars. Of this'there is no dispute. To collect this fine, and the costs accruing upon the trial of the cause, the magistrate, in very many cases, would be powerless without the power to hold the offender until he paid them or was discharged in some other mode. The fine and costs in this case were the principal thing, and over which the magistrate had ample jurisdiction. The provision of the constitution was designed to inliibita justice of the peacé from the trial of any case where imprisonment was denounced by the law as punishment in the first instance on conviction. That class of offenses is a large and important one, and there was great propriety in excluding them from .the cognizance of justices of the peace. Not so, where a fine is the punishment, and which may be paid on the instant. To meet that large class of cases arising from breaches of town ordinances and such like, where a fine is the only penalty, the offenders are not, usually, willing to wait until a fi. fa. can be issued and returned. A summary mode of dealing with them, is indispensable to the safety of society and the preservation of good order, and it is no hardship upon them, if they are unwilling to pay the fine aforesaid, that the ordinary means should be used to compel them to pay. If the offender is unable' to pay, he may get relief under an equitable construction of section 195 of the criminal code ; or if he cannot thus, then by some action of the town council, who would, doubtless, desire to-relieve the town from the charge of his maintenance in prison after the expiration of a reasonable term of imprisonment. As we look at the case, the imprisonment is hut an -incident of the fine. This court has said, a justice of the peace, in fining a party for a contempt, may direct him to be imprisoned until the fine and costs are paid. Brown v. The People, 19 Ill. 613. The principle is, inasmuch as the justice has power to fine, he has all the power necessary' ,to make the granted power effectual, by imprisoning the offender until the fine shall be paid. The imprisonment, as in this case, is only a consequence of the power to fine. The writ must be refused. Habeas corpus refused.