Farmers & Merchants' Insurance v. Chesnut

Mr. Justice Lawrence delivered the opinion of the Court: This suit was brought by the assignees in bankruptcy of one David Wigle, to recover the insurance effected upon a stock of goods. The fire occurred in February, 1867, and soon after-wards the company sent an agent to the locality to investigate the facts and determine the amount of loss. The agent estimated it at $1,852.51, to which Wigle would not agree. Subsequently, Wigle went to Quincy, where the company did its business, and renewed his demand for payment. After considerable negotiation, Wigle agreed to take the amount above named, and the proof of loss was made out on that basis, and signed by Wigle. The company, through its secretary, then gave him the following paper: W. M. Cline, President, H. M. Yan Frank, Y. Pres’t, W. B. Yan Frank, Secretary, Levi Coon, General Agent. D. Wigle, Esq., Capital, $700,000.00. Office of the Farmers & Merchants’ Insurance Co., Quincy, 111., March 11, 1867. W est Point, 111. Dear Sir: Your proof of loss under policy Mo. 24,266, is at hand this p. m., and accepted, and will be payable at this office 90 days from this date. Truly, W. B. Yan Frank, Secretary. According to the testimony of Wigle, the company not only gave him this paper, but the secretary and general agent, in presence of the president of the company, verbally promised to pay him the amount agreed upon, in 90 days. They ultimately refused to pay, and this suit was brought. The declaration contained four counts. A demurrer was sustained to the first" and it was not amended. The second and tim’d counts were based upon the alleged settlement and promise to pay in 90 days, and the fourth was upon an account stated. The company, by way of defense, insists that Wigle, in his application for insurance, omitted to mention a wooden building which stood within a few feet of the building insured, and hence the policy, by its terms, was void. It also insists that suit was not brought within one year after the fire, as required by the terms of the policy, and that the so-called settlement was a mere adjustment of the amount of the loss, and not a promise to pay, binding upon the company. It is urged that such a promise, if ever made, was without consideration, and that the officers alleged to have made it had no power thus to bind the company. The jury, by their verdict, found the promise was made, and we cannot say this finding was against the evidence. Wigle, whose interest in the controversy had terminated by his bankruptcy, testified positively as to the promise. The secretary and general agent deny it, but the president, on his cross-examination, says, he “ knew a certain sum had been fixed and agreed upon as the amount to be paid Wigle for his loss, and that Wigle agreed to take it.” Wigle is further supported by the written memorandum furnished to him, as above set forth, and which seems to import something more than a mere adjustment of the amount of the loss. We must, therefore, take the special promise as proven. Considering then, as we must, that promise to have been made, what effect is to be given to the fact that no mention was made of the wooden building in the application for the insurance. Wigle testifies that after he had signed the written application, he remembered he had made no mention of the wooden building, and went back and told Coon, the agent, about it, and that Coon replied, it would make no difference. This is denied by Coon. If true, the company could not defend an action on the policy upon this ground. Atlantic Ins. Co. v. Wright, 22 Ill. 474. But whether true or not, the agent of the company was fully advised of the existence of this wooden building before the settlement and promise were made, and even the instructions asked by counsel for the company assume, if such a promise was made, with a knowledge of all the facts, and if the promise was, in other respects, binding, it would be a waiver of all right of defense growing out of this cause. . In conceding this, the instructions for the defendant did not concede too much. If the new promise was made by the company upon a sufficient consideration, and with full knowledge of all the facts, it was sufficient, of itself, to fix their liability. Dow v. Smith, 1 Caines, 32; 2 Phillips on Ins. sec. 1,815. The same is true in regard to the provision of the policy requiring suit to be brought within a year. It was held, in Peoria Marine & Fire Ins. Co. v. Whitehill, 25 Ill. 475, that such a provision in the policy was binding, but would be waived if the company deterred the assured from bringing suit, by holding out reasonable hopes of an adjustment. A fortiori would it be waived, if the company actually makes an adjustment and a new contract to pay, upon which the party relies. This suit is not upon the policy, but upon the new promise, and as to that, the stipulation in the policy has no application. The case, then, is narrowed down to the validity of the new promise, which the jury found was made. It was not a nude fact, because Wigle claimed that his policy covered certain boots, shoes and clothing, that were destroyed by the fire. This was denied by the company. The question was not free from doubt, but Wigle, for the sake of a settlement, agreed to forego this claim and accept the amount the company was willing to pay. This appears both by his own testimony and that of the president, and upon the familiar principle applicable to the compromise of disputed claims, was binding upon the parties as a mutual settlement, so far as depended upon the question of consideration. After signing the statement of loss at the amount agreed upon, without fraud, Wigle could not have recovered a larger sum, and his agreement to take that sum was a sufficient consideration for the promise of the company to pay it. But, it is said, if the special contract was made, the officers making it were acting beyond their power, and certain sections of the charter were read in evidence, providing that the affairs of the company shall be managed by a board of directors, who may appoint an executive committee, which, when the hoard is not in session, may exercise all the powers of the company, unless forbidden by its by-laws. In this case, Wigle had come to Quincy, where the chief office of the company was situated, for the purpose of finally adjusting his loss. He there makes a settlement with the secretary and general agent, in the presence of the president, and with his silent acquiescence. These are the officers through whom the business of the company is done. They are held out to the public as its representatives. The policies are executed by them. The official designation of one of them is “ general agent,” and in that capacity he is advertised by the company to the world. We had occasion, in the case of The N. E. Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Schettler, 38 Ill. 170, to comment on the attempt, not unfrequently made by these companies, to escape their liabilities by denying the authority of their agents, and we here repeat what was, in substance, there said, that the question in these cases is, simply, what power does the company hold out its agents to the public as possessing ? In this case, the company read in evidence the written appointment.of the agent, Coon, defining his authority. But what mattered it to the public, what powers were granted to him by a private instrument of which they had, and could have, no knowledge ? Under the clauses of the charter above quoted, the board of directors, or the executive committee, had power to appoint an agent and other officers, who should transact the regular business of the company, which would necessarily include the settlement of losses. This is a part of the routine business to be transacted whenever a loss occurs, and to whom could the public look for its transaction but to those officers and agents whose names appear upon the instruments issued by the company, and who represent it to the world? The public knows nothing of the executive committee. In this case, Wigle testifies he was told the committee were to meet, but he was not brought in contact with them. Subsequently, however, to the time when they were to meet, the settlement was made by the officers. The committee thus permitted the officers to act for them, and Wigle had a right to believe they had the requisite- power. He acted on that belief himself, by reducing the written statement of his loss to a sum which they were willing and agreed to pay, and the company cannot now repudiate the transaction. It was a transaction' of such character as necessarily to fall within the general business of the company, and it was conducted with those officers to whom such business is necessarily entrusted, and who are the only persons to whom policy holders can resort for a settlement of their claims. Objections are taken to the instructions given and refused, but it is unnecessary to discuss them in detail, as they presented the case to the jury in substantial accordance with the views we have here expressed. Special complaint is made of the modification, by the court, of the sixth instruction asked by the defendant, but without just cause. The instruction, as asked, was to the effect, that the letter read in evidence and signed by Van Frank, did not, of itself, amount to a valid promise to pay a sum of money, which the court qualified by adding the following clause : “ unless the jury believe from the evidence that he had authority to write the same.” It is objected to the qualification, not that it lays down an erroneous legal principle, but that, in this case, it tended to mislead, because Van Frank, not regarding the letter as a promise to pay, but merely as an acknowledgment of the receipt of proof of loss, had testified he had authority to write the letter, and it is urged that the jury, applying the instruction to Van Frank’s assertion of authority, would be obliged to find for the plaintiff. The answer to this objection is, that the letter is, upon its face, something more than a mere receipt of proof of loss. It is a promise to pay in 90 days, and if made by the authority of the company, would be binding, as stated by the court. If the witness sought to give the letter a narrower meaning than it bore upon its face, and assert his authority to write it, while denying, as he did, that he had authority to promise to pay money, it would be for the jury to give to each part of his evidence such weight as it might deserve. There was, at least, no error in the instruction. But, in view of all the evidence and instructions, it is clear the jury found their verdict upon the belief that there had been a complete settlement with the officers of the company, and that this letter was written in pursuance and by the authority of such settlement, and in this finding we concur. "We are of opinion the case was rightly decided, and the judgment must be affirmed. Judgment affirmed.