Brant v. Gallup

Mr. Justice Walkeb delivered the opinion of the Court: This case is now before us on rehearing. We have reviewed the record and the grounds of our former decision with much care and patience, and given the questions the fullest and best consideration that the time at our disposal enabled us to bestow. We have labored under the disadvantage of having a large record loaded with immaterial matter, and no clear and compact statement of the facts given; but we have endeavored to fully comprehend the case and all the questions involved. With voluminous records, containing more irrelevant than pertinent matter, we find it of great difficulty to perform the task of gleaning the pertinent from the improper evidence in such cases-. In cases thus prepared it can not be otherwise than mistakes will occur. Nor do voluminous and discursive arguments in all cases relieve us from the difficulty and labor in fully comprehending the case. Before discussing the merits of the case we will dispose of the preliminary motion to dismiss the appeal. The statute provides for an appeal from judgments of the Appellate Courts in all cases ex contractu where the “sum or value in controversy” exceeds $1000, exclusive of costs. It appears from the transcript of the record, that on the application for this appeal a motion was made to the Appellate Court by appellant, for a certificate of the court finding the sum or amount involved in the controversy. In support of the motion, appellant filed his affidavit, in which he stated that the claim was for the value of the property lost by reason of appellees’ breach of an agreement to insure it, to the extent of $125,000. This affidavit appears in the record, and we may look to it as showing the amount in controversy, and as evidence that the claim litigated exceeds $1000, exclusive of costs. (Morris v. Preston, 93 Ill. 215.) There is also evidence in the record that the theatre building was worth more than $125,000 at the time it was burned, and to make that its fair insurable value. The suit was on a contract to keep the property insured at that insurable value, and damages were claimed for a breach of the contract. We think this brings the case within the fair intendment of the statute allowing appeals from the Appellate Court, and the motion is overruled. ■ On the trial a large number of letters were read in evidence, written by appellant to Bourne, after the fire, in reference to the loss, insurance on the property, and other matters connected with the transaction. In rebuttal,, appellant offered, in a general way, to testify to the motives which induced him to write the letters in the manner he did, but the evidence was rejected, the court holding he might testify to the circumstances under which they were written, but not to his intentions or purpose in writing them as he did. This is assigned for error. Appellant might, no doubt, as the court below decided he could, have shown the circumstances under which the letters were written, but he had no right to change the fair and reasonable import of the letters by proving a secret and unexpressed intention when he propounded his claim in his letters. That would amount to a change of the letters, by adding to their meaning, as completely as to change them by adding to their contents by any other kind of extrinsic evidence. He might as well insist that he intended, but accidentally omitted, to add another paragraph to any of the letters asserting this claim. No one will contend that could be done, yet the same thing is sought to be accomplished by this indirect mode. There was therefore no error in rejecting this evidence. In the beginning of this investigation it might be conceded that some of the instructions are irrelevant and others are not precisely accurate; but this being conceded, the question still remains, did they mislead the jury to the injury of appellant ? This is the real question presented in considering them. The mortgage to Bourne contained the ordinary insurance clause in such mortgages, that the mortgagor should keep the property insured in good companies which the mortgagee might select, and in default thereof the latter should have the option of selecting and insuring at the mortgagor’s expense, and the cost to be added as a part of the debt. Complaint is made of the first of appellees’ instructions. After giving a construction to the insurance clause in the mortgage, it concludes with this proposition: “That any unwritten agreement made at the time of the execution of the mortgage, or immediately preceding its execution, between Brant and Bourne, or Brant and Gallup & Peabody, as Bourne’s agents, that Bourne would himself keep the property insured, and was to have the exclusive privilege of insuring the property, and was to relieve Brant from any such duty, was inconsistent with the clause in the written instrument referred to in this instruction, and would have been unavailable as a defence to any suit brought for a foreclosure of the mortgage, and no benefits could have accrued to Brant from any such pretended agreement.” It is urged that the instruction is irrelevant, and it should not therefore have been given, — that the construction of that clause of the mortgage was wholly foreign to every issue in this ease, and it should not have been given. We fully concur in this position, except the last clause in the instruction. The mortgage, its construction, or even its validity, had no bearing on this case or its issues; but it being a mere abstract proposition, we are at á loss to perceive how it could have misled the jury. But the last clause was pertinent. Appellant, in his declaration, set out as inducement, the making of the mortgage with the insurance clause, to the making of the contract averred in the declaration. ' It is a rule that, such an inducement must be proved as averred. It was therefore proper and necessary that having averred the inducement, appellant should have proved it. He did so, and went further, and testified that Peabody assured him that the insurance clause required Bourne, or Gallup & Peabody, to effect the insurance for him. This did not constitute a contract between appellees and appellant, nor does appellant insist that it did. He sues on an entirely different and distinct contract, and it was proper that the jury should be so informed. The last clause of the instruction virtually informed the jury that such statements did not create a contract or confer any benefit on appellant. He had averred a different agreement, and could recover on none other, much less on the inducement to the agreement averred in the declaration. Whether or not it conferred any benefit, or created a defence to a foreclosure of the mortgage, does not matter, — it created no right to recover in this action. And it was not error to inform the jury that such an agreement was inconsistent with the insurance clause, and constituted no defence to a foreclosure of the mortgage. This part of the instruction was simply irrelevant. We are of opinion that the giving of this instruction worked appellant no harm. In this case the appellees asked, and the court gave, twenty-five instructions. Some of them are lengthy, others are in whole or in part repetitions, some are irrelevant, and many of them are obscure. In such case it would be proper for the judge trying the cause to reconstruct and free instructions from redundancy, verbiage, and all foreign matter, and reduce them to a few clear and perspicuous legal propositions upon which the case turns, and give them as substitutes for those asked. The ends of justice would be thus better sub-served, and there would be less complaints of the finding of verdicts. The same objection is urged to the second, third, fourth, sixth, eighth and ninth of appellees’ instructions as is urged to the first, and what has been said of the first is equally applicable to them. Correct practice would require the trial court to refuse all but one of instructions that repeat the same proposition. The proposition will not be controverted that the mere expression of opinion by Peabody as to the meaning of the insurance clause in the mortgage could not operate to render him and Gallup liable. That could be done only by an agreement entered into between the parties, and understood and intended by them to become binding according to its terms. It was to guard against what was supposed to be the danger of the jury finding that such an opinion constituted a contract, ,that these instructions were asked and given. Appellant had testified that Peabody had, when the mortgage was executed, said the insurance clause bound Bourne, ■ or Gallup & Peabody, as his agents, to keep the houses insured, and as that statement had been admitted in evidence, it was to obviate any wrong that might result from its admission that they were given. The sixth of appellees’ instructions is criticised. Another portion to which objection is urged, reads: “An agreement made between the defendants and Brant, that the defendants would, as Brant’s agents, keep said premises fully insured, is inconsistent with an agreement by which the defendants engaged, as the agents of Bourne, to see to it that the buildings described in the mortgage were kept fully insured. An agreement-such as is alleged in the declaration and in each count thereof, is consistent with the clause in the mortgage relating to insurance, because by such agreement Brant was employing his agents to do what he had agreed by the mortgage to do; but any agreement made by Gallup & Peabody, as the agents of Bourne, that they would, as such agents, keep said property fully insured, and would relieve and absolve Brant from all responsibility therefor, would be inconsistent with the mortgage, because the clause referred to provided and provides that Brant, and not Bourne, should keep said property insured. But the court does not mean to intimate by what is here said, that because said agreement would be inconsistent with the mortgage, it could not have been made. Whether, or not, it or the agreement alleged in the declaration was made, the jury must determine from all the facts and circumstances in evidence. ” It is urged that such a contract as is set out in the declaration is not inconsistent with the insurance clause. This is manifestly true; but the instruction does not say the contract set up in the declaration is inconsistent with the insurance clause. It states the opposite fact. It does, however, say, 'that an agreement that Bourne, or appellees, as his agents, would perform the duty imposed on appellant, would be inconsistent with that clause. This is true, because appellant had covenanted that he would perform that duty, and such a verbal agreement or understanding could not change or abrogate his covenant. But this is irrelevant to s;tM issues involved. The instruction did state that the pati'ie§ could make the contract set out in the declaration. It is urged that such a contract as that mentioned is the instruction would not have been inconsistent with the insurance clause, because both parties had insurable interests. Whether this is true or not, does not matter, because that question was not pertinent to the issues in the case. The seventh instruction is criticised. It simply informs the jury that the evidence in the case must establish the contract declared on, and failing to do so, they should find for the defendants. Although not concisely stated, this the jury would no doubt understand to be its import. It announced a correct rule of law, and was properly given, and we think it could not have misled the jury. It is claimed that the tenth instruction is vicious, and it was error to give it. It in substance informed the jury that if they believed, from the evidence, that appellant had been informed a sufficient time before the fire that the theatre was inadequately insured, then it was his duty to have effected additional insurance, if he deemed it necessary, and failing to do so, he could not recover. This involves the question whether, in case of a breach of a contract for indemnity, the person indemnified, knowing of the breach of the agreement, may lie -by and permit the loss to occur without a demand of performance of the agreement, or to take other steps to secure himself from the loss, by performing the acts undertaken to be performed by the other party, or to procure other indemnity. The substance of this instruction is, that the party indemnified shall take such steps. It has been repeatedly held that a party being damaged can not stand by and suffer the injury to continue and increase, without reasonable effort to prevent further loss. Justice and the principles of fairness require that everyone shall use all reasonable efforts to preserve his property and protect his interests, even against the wrong or negligence of another. It is said it is not only the moral but the legal duty of a party who seeks to recover for another’s wrong, to use due diligence in preventing loss thereby. This principle applies to a breach of contract, and a party is not entitled to compensation for injurious, consequences from such breach, so far as he had the information, time and opportunity necessary to prevent them. (See Sedgwick on Damages, 6th ed., p. 106, both text and note, and authorities cited.) The same principle has been recognized by this court in cases of trespass. If the doctrine is correct, (and we perceive no reason, on principle or authority, to doubt it,) then it was the duty of appellant to have procured insurance. Gallup & Peabody, so far as is disclosed by the record, never, after the mortgage was executed, procured a dollar of insurance on the buildings. It is, however, claimed, that they directed the insurance agents to issue policies, and when called on by the agents, appellant paid the premiums. If this is true, appellant was fully informed of the extent they had ordered insurance for him, and as he made no objection to the amount, he must have been satisfied. Had he not been, he surely would have seen them, and ordered more, and as he did not, he accepted what they did as a performance of their part of the contract. Knowing the amount they had ordered, if not satisfactory, and the contract was broken by a failure to order more, it was the duty of appellant to procure such an amount as he regarded necessary, and failing to do so, under the authorities referred to he could not recover. This instruction, therefore, was not erroneous, and no error was committed in giving it. It is urged that the thirteenth instruction is erroneous. It in substance informs the jury that if appellees neglected to insure the property, even if they had so agreed, for the years 1870 and 1871, and that appellant assumed the duty and responsibility, that would terminate the agreement, and would operate to release them from their contract, if one existed, to procure insurance after 1870; and in such a case there could be no recovery for any breach accruing after 1870, and that all prior breaches were barred by the Statute of Limitations. If there was such a contract, as claimed, and appellees neglected to perform it, and appellant assumed the duty during those years, he certainly absolved appellees from the contract, and waived its performance. All breaches prior to that time occurred more than five years before the suit was brought. , But it is said that this was a continuing agreement, and it did not terminate until the theatre was burned. If there was a contract, and there was a breach before 1870, an action could at once have been brought, and nominal damages could have been recovered, and no more, because there was not the slightest injury sustained by such a breach. The action was barred after five years, and if after that time appellant procured all the insurance he desired, that absolved appellees from further duty under the agreement, if one ever existed. There were some other instructions relating to the impeachment of witnesses by contradictory statements, and in regard to the Statute of Limitations; but we do not perceive there was any material error in giving them. The whole of appellees’ instructions considered, if they are not precisely accurate, are so slightly incorrect that we are of opinion they did not mislead the jury, ífc would be impossible in so large a record, containing so much irrelevant matter, to avoid some slight errors or to give some instructions subject to hypercritical objections; but such objections, if allowed, only obstruct the administration of justice. Complaint is made that the court erred in refusing to give the third of appellant’s instructions. From what has been said it will be perceived this instruction should not have been given without qualification. It made no reference to the Statute of Limitations, or to the abandonment of the contract by tacit consent. There was no error in its refusal. The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed. Judgment affirmed. Sheldon and Mülkby, JJ., dissenting.