Dahnke v. People

Mr. Justice Magruder delivered the opinion of the court: First—The first question, which arises in this case, is this: was the conduct of the plaintiff in error in locking the door of the court room during the period of adjournment, and refusing to allow the judge of the court, and his officers, and the parties to the suit on hearing before him, to enter the court room, a contempt? In Stuart v. People, 3 Scam. 395, we held, that the power was inherent in every court of justice t:o defend itself when attacked, just as much as the individual man has a right to defend himself for his own preservation; and we also there held, that in the power to punish for contempt are necessarily “included all acts calculated to impede, embarrass or obstruct the court in the administration of justice. Such acts will be considered as done in the presence of the court.” The doctrine of the Stuart case was re-affirmed in People v. Wilson, 64 Ill. 195. The conduct of plaintiff in error was certainly such as was calculated to obstruct the court in the administration of justice. Rapalje in his work on Contempt (at sec. 22) classifies, among contempts which are direct, those which are committed within the presence of the court while in session, “or so near to the court as to interrupt its proceedings.” It is true, that the acts of the plaintiff in error were not performed while the court was actually in session, but, having been performed during the brief adjournment of the court from one session to another, and having had the effect of preventing the judge of the court from gaining access to his court room, they may be regarded as being so near to the court as to interrupt its proceedings. “Courts of justice have an inherent power to punish all persons for contempt of their rules and orders, for disobedience of their process, and for disturbing them in their proceedings.” (3 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 780). There can be no doubt, that the conduct of plaintiff in error here disturbed and interfered with the court in its proceedings, and while it was engaged in the administration of justice. Contempt of court is a despising of the authority, justice or dignity of the court. He is guilty of such contempt, whose conduct is such as “tends to bring the authority and administration of the law into disrespect or disregard, or to interfere with, or prejudice parties litigant, or their witnesses during the litigation.” (Oswald on Contempt of Court, pp. 3, 4). “Any conduct, which is calculated to interfere with the proceedings by assaulting litigants or witnesses within the precincts of the court, or preventing or hindering, or endeavoring to prevent or hinder them in their access to the court or otherwise, is a contempt.” (Ibid. p. 27). It has been said, that the power of the court in the matter of contempt cannot be defined within any limits, and that the primary question in all cases of alleged contempt is, “whether there has or has not been an interference or an attempt to interfere with the due administration of justice.” (Ibid, p. 70). Applying the definitions of contempt as thus laid down to the facts of this case, we are of the opinion, that there was here a contempt of court, which the judge was justified in punishing, if the facts hereinafter set forth do not constitute a sufficient excuse or justification for the conduct of plaintiff in error. Second—It is claimed, that the county board had a right to assign the different court rooms in the court house to the different judges of the circuit and Superior Courts of Cook county; that each one of such judges was bound to occupy the particular courtroom so assigned to him; that room 421, though iu the actual occupancy of Judge Freeman, had, while he was so occupying it, been assigned to another judge; that Judge Freeman had been assigned to occupy court room 327; that, therefore, the county board had the right and power to order plaintiff in error, as their custodian, to remove Judge Freeman’s property from room 421 to room 327, and to prevent his access to room 421; and that, inasmuch as plaintiff in error was merely acting under the orders of the county board, he was justified in doing what he did. We know of no law or statute, and have been referred to none, which authorizes the board of county commissioners of Cook county to assign the court rooms in the court house in that county to particular judges. Section 26 of the act of March 31, 1874, “to revise the law in relation to counties" provides as follows: “It shall be the duty of the county board of each county: First—To erect or otherwise provide when necessary, and the finances of the county will justify it, and keep in repair, a suitable court house, jail, and other necessary county buildings, and to provide proper rooms and offices for the accommodation of the several courts of record of the county, and for the county board, county clerk, county treasurer, recorder, sheriff, and the clerks of said courts, and to provide suitable furniture therefor.” (1 Starr & Curtis’ Stat. —2d ed.—p. 1089). Section 4 of the act of February 16, 1874, “to revise the law in relation to circuit courts and the Superior Court of Cook county,” provides as follows: “If there is no court house in the county, or if from any cause the court house is unfit for the holding of court therein, the proper authorities of the county may temporarily provide another place at the county seat for the holding of court, or the court, by order entered upon its records, may adjourn to a suitable place at such county seat, and the place so provided, or to which such adjournment is made, shall, during the time the court is so held thereat, be held to be the court house of such county for all judicial purposes connected with such court.”' (Ibid, p. 1157). Under these provisions of the statute it is the duty of the county board to erect and keep in repair a suitable court house, and to provide rooms therein for the accommodation of the several courts of record of the county. When the board has provided rooms for the accommodation of the courts, the rooms so provided are theu in the possession and under the control of the courts and their officers. If there is a number of court rooms in any court house, the duty of the board is discharged when it turns over such court rooms to the judges of the courts. It rests with the judges of the courts to arrange among themselves, how they will occupy the several court rooms thus provided for them by the county board. The county board has no right to dictate to the judges as to what particular room each judge shall occupy. To make the judges of our courts depend upon a legislative or political body for the rooms, in which they shall hold their sessions, in the manner indicated in this record, would be to destroy the dignity and independence of the judiciary. A county board, having such a power of assignment, would be tempted to assign the best court rooms to its favorites among the judges, and would thus be enabled to put the judiciary under obligations to themselves. The judiciary should be free from obstruction by county boards; it should be independent in all matters relating to the execution of judicial functions. There is danger, that such independence will be sacrificed, if the judges are not allowed free access to their court rooms and control over the same during the sessions of the court, and during its necessary seasons of adjournment. Whenever it happens that there are not rooms enough to accommodate all the judges, then such a state of things exists as is described in the following words of the statute above quoted: “If there is no court house in the county, or if from any cause the court house is unfit for the holding of court therein. ” It is, then, the duty of the county board to provide another place or places at the county seat for the holding of court by the judges, who are thus without suitable court rooms. Section 7 of article 10 of the constitution of 1870 provides that, “the county affairs of Cook county shall be managed by a board of commissioners of fifteen persons, ten of whom shall be elected from the city of Chicago, and five from towns outside of said city, in such manner as maybe provided by law.” The power to manage the county affairs of Cook county, as thus conferred by the constitution, in no way includes the power to assign court rooms to the different judges of the courts of record in such manner as is claimed in this case. The power to so manage is such power as is provided by law, and, therefore, such power as is specified, so far as the present subject is concerned, in the statutes already quoted. Reference, however, is made by counsel for plaintiff in error to sections 24 and 25 of chapter 34 of the Revised Statutes in relation to counties. Said section 24 provides as follows: “Bach .county shall have power: First—To purchase and hold the real and personal estate necessary for the uses of the county, and to purchase and hold, for the benefit of the county, real estate sold by virtue of judicial proceedings in which the county is plaintiff. Second—To sell and convey or lease any real or personal estate owned by the county. Third—To make all contracts and do all other acts in relation to the property and concerns of the county, necessary to the exercise of its corporate powers.” (1 Starr & Curtis’ Stat.—2d ed.— p. 1085). The said section 25 provides as follows: “The county boards of the several counties shall have power: First—To take and have the care and custody of all the real and personal estate owned by the county. Second— To manage the county funds and county business, except as otherwise specifically provided.” (Ibid. p. 1086). It is contended on behalf of plaintiff in error, that, inasmuch as under sections 24 and 25 the county board has the power to purchase and hold the real and personal estate of the county, and to take and have the care and custody of all such real and personal estate, it, therefore, has the right to have the care and custody of the court house and all the court rooms therein. But section 14 of chapter 125 of the Revised Statutes in relation to sheriffs provides, that the sheriff “shall have the custody and care of the court house and jail of his county, except as is otherwise provided.” (3 Starr & Curtis’ Stat.-—2d ed.— p. 3768). The act in regard to counties is general in its terms, and provides for the care and custody by the counties of all the real estate belonging to the county. The act, however, in regard to sheriffs specifically provides, that the sheriff shall have the care and custody of the court house. The two acts, the one in regard to counties, and the other in regard to sheriffs, were passed at the same session of the legislature in 1874. It is a well settled rule of construction, that, where there are two provisions, one of which is general and designed to apply to cases generally, and another is particular and relating only to one subject, the particular provision must prevail and must be treated as an exception to the general provision. (Chicago and Northwestern Railioay Co. v. City of Chicago, 148 Ill. 141; People v. Rose, 166 id. 422). Hence it would seem to follow, that, while the county board is entitled to the general care and custody over the ownership of the real estate belonging to the county so far as to hold the title thereto, and preserve the evidences of title, and so far as it is necessary to erect and keep in repair the buildings thereon, yet, after the particular court rooms in a court house have been provided for the judges, the possession thereof is in the hands and under the control of the courts themselves, and the care and custody thereof rightfully belong to the sheriff as the executive officer of the courts. If the general provision in the act in regard to counties entitles the board of county commissioners to have the custody and care of the court house, then it cannot be otherwise construed than as giving the county board the power to have the care and custody of the jail, because section 14 of the act in regard to sheriffs couples the custody and care of the court house with the custody and care of the jail. One of the common law powers of the sheriff is, that he shall be custodian of the county jail. (22 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 525). The constitution of this State provides for the election of sheriffs. (Art. 10, sec. 8). Sheriffs, as elected under the constitution, have the same powers with which they were clothed at common law. Murfree, in his work on Sheriffs, (sec. 42, chap. 2,) says: “The very name and office of sheriff imply the possession by that functionary of all the powers, and the obligation to perform all the duties of a common law sheriff, except so far as those powers and duties may have been modified by State constitutions or constitutional statutes.” The same author also says: “When the office of sheriff is a constitutional office in any State, recognized and designated eo nomine by the constitution as a part of the machinery of the State government, the sheriff, ex vi termini, must possess, in that State, all the substantial powers appertaining to the office by common law. It is competent for the State legislature to impose upon him new duties growing out of public policy or convenience, but it cannot strip him of his time-honored and common law functions, and devolve them upon incumbents of other offices, created by legislative authority.” (Ibid. sec. 41). It has accordingly been held, that the legislature caunot transfer to other officers elected by the board of supervisors the power of the sheriff to have the custody and control of the jail and the prisoners therein, when the constitution provides for the election of sheriffs without designating what their powers shall be. (State v. Brunst, 26 Wis. 412; People v. Keeler, 29 Hun, 175). It being true, therefore, that the general provision in the act in regard to counties, giving the care and custody of all the real estate of the county to the county board, cannot have the'effect of transferring to that board the care and custody of the jail, it must also appear to be true, that it could not have the effect of transferring to the county board the care and custody of the court house. This conclusion receives endorsement from several other considerations. In the first place, section 38 of chapter 27, in regard to “counties and county commissioners’ courts,” of the act of March 3, 1845, provided as follows: “The county commissioners of said counties shall have the care and custody of said court houses.” (Rev. Stat. 1845, p. 135.) Section 7 of the act of March 3, 1845, in regard to “sheriffs and coroners” also provided as follows: “It shall be the duty of the sheriff of each county to attend all circuit courts and courts of county commissioners in his county at the terms and sessions of said courts; and he shall have the custody and care of the court house and jail.” (Rev. Stat. 1845, p. 515.) These two statutes of 1845, passed on the same day, would seem to conflict with each other, as one gives to the county commissioners the care and custody of the court house, while the other gives to the sheriff the care and custody of the court house and jail. We need not stop to advance any theory for the purpose of reconciling these two statutes of 1845. It is sufficient to say, that, in 1874,.when the legislature adopted a new revision of the statutes, it left out that provision of the act of March 3, 1845, in relation to counties, which specifically gave the care of the court house to the county commissioners, and merely provided in general terms, that the county boards should have the care and custody of all the real estate owned by the county without specifically mentioning court houses. At the same time, while it adopted this general provision in regard to counties, it adopted the specific provision, which gave the custody of the court house to the sheriff. In the second place, section 24 of the act in regard to sheriffs provides as follows: “When the sheriff goes out of office, he shall deliver to his successor all writs, process, papers and property attached or levied upon, except such as he is authorized by law to retain, and also the possession of the court bouse and jail of his county, and shall take from his successor a receipt,” etc. (3 Starr & Cur. Stat.—2d ed.—p. 3770). Here is a provision, which directs the sheriff specifically when he goes out of office to deliver the possession of the court house to his successor. No other inference is possible than that, during his term of office, he was to have the possession, of that which, at the close of such term, he was to deliver over to his successor. If, therefore, the sheriff is entitled to hold possession of the court house, it would .seem to follow that the county board has no right to such possession, except in the manner already specified. We have held that “the county board can exercise such powers only as are expressly given by law, or such as arise by necessary implication from the powers granted, or are indispensable to carry into effect the objects and purposes of the creation of the municipal corporation.” (County of Cook v. Gilbert, 146 Ill. 268.) Hence, we are inclined to concur with the view expressed by Judge Freeman, in deciding this case in the court below, as follows: “As real estate simply, the court house is in the care and custody of the county board. As a court house, it is in the custody and care of the sheriff. As real estate, the county board controls the title, and keeps the building and its furniture in repair. As a court house, the sheriff, who is himself an officer of court, guards and cares for it. Should the building cease to be a court house, it would revert to the care and custody of the county board like the other real estate. * * * The custody of the court house by the sheriff is the custody of an officer of the courts, who is subject to their control. In other words, it is the custody of the courts themselves. The sheriff himself has no power to control the use of the court rooms by the courts or judges thereof. His custody and care cannot be construed to include the power of dictating to the courts what special, court rooms they shall occupy. This matter rests with the courts themselves, as a matter of inherent powrer, not with the sheriff even, and certainly not with the county board.” The same doctrine is also well expressed by Mr. Justice Shepard of the Appellate Court, in deciding this case, in the following words: “The custody and control, which the county board is entitled to exercise, under the authority of the constitution and the statutes, are such as attach to and flow from the ownership of the court house by the county; those of the sheriff are such as attach to and flow from the inherent powers and duties of his office at common law, and as recognized by the constitution and declared by the statutes, as the attendant upon the court, and as the court’s executive officer.” (Dahnke v. People, 57 Ill. App. 619). For the reasons herein stated, the judgments of the Appellate Court and of the Superior Court of Cook county are affirmed. T , , „ - Judgment affirmed.