Seymour v. Bowles

Mr. Justice Wilkin delivered the opinion of the court: The correctness of the decision of the court below depends entirely upon the question whether, upon a proper construction of the deed from Beatty and wife, the bill of appellants showed on its face that they were entitled to the relief prayed. In construing that deed it should be given the same effect as though it had been executed by William Bowles, it appearing from the bill to have been made at bis instance and to accomplish his purpose. When the language used by the parties to a contract or deed is indefinite or obscure, oral testimony is admissible to show the surrounding circumstances of the parties, for the purpose of enabling the court to view the instrument and construe its language from the same standpoint which they occupied when executing it, but for that purpose only, and never to contradict, change or vary the language used. The allegation in the bill that in drafting the deed the word “heirs” was mistakenly used for “children,” presents no case for the correction of a mistake or reformation of the deed. The alleged mistake is one of law, and cannot be corrected. (Fowler v. Blade, 136 Ill. 363.) Looking at the deed itself, with such allegations of the bill as show the surrounding circumstances of its execution, for the purpose of construing it, we will consider all its language and give effect thereto, unless we find some part of it so repugnant or meaningless that we cannot do so. If the word “heirs,” as used in the granting clause, be given its technical meaning, no extended argument is necessary to show that it must be rejected as without force or meaning, because it is a rule of the common law that no inheritance can vest, nor any person be the actual, complete heir of another, till the ancestor be previously dead. Nemo est hceres viventis. (Coke’s Litt. 226; 2 Blackstone’s Com. 70, 107, 208.) Susan Bowles, being alive when the deed was executed, could have no “minor heirs.” But is the word “heirs” here used in its technical sense? In answering this question we may properly consider the facts pleaded in the bill, which show the motive of William Bowles for causing the deed to be made and the circumstances surrounding its execution. We are of the opinion, however, that the deed shows on its face that by “minor heirs" was meant “minor children.” It is well understood that such a meaning may be given to the term “heirs,” when it sufficiently appears that such was the intention of the party using" it,—-and this rule applies to deed's as well as to wills. (Griswold v. Hicks, 132 Ill. 494.) In Herd v. Horton, 1 Denio, 165, which was a case involving the construction of a will, it was said: “Where the will recognizes the ancestor as living, and makes a devise to his heirs, eo nomine, this shows that the term was not used in the strict sense, but as meaning the heirs apparent of the ancestor named.” In Heath v. Hewitt, 127 N. Y. 166, the conveyance being by deed from Benjamin Heath to “the heirs of Warren Heath,” reserving to the grantor and his wife each a life estate, and after their death to the said Warren Heath for life, the court quoted the foregoing language from 1 Denio, and added: “Now, in this case Warren Heath was living at the time of making the deed, which fact sufficiently appears in the deed, because the grantor reserved to him a life estate in the lands sought to be conveyed, and he had children living-, among whom was the plaintiff in this action,” and it was held that the word “heirs” was used as synonymous with “children.” On principle the case is like the one at bar, and we think is well supported by reason and authority. It cannot be supposed that the grantor in this deed intended to make a present conveyance to Susan Bowles and to her minor heirs at the same time. The fact that the deed shows on its face that Susan Bowles was then living by conveying to her, refutes all idea of the use of the words “minor heirs” in a technical sense. The mani-. fest intention of the grantor, from the language used, was to give Susan Bowles a life estate, with remainder to her then minor children who should survive her, or, if any of them should then be dead leaving issue, to such issue. By the terms of our statute the conveyance to Susan Bowles, though containing no words of inheritance, would be sufficient to convey the fee to her, were it not for other language clearly showing, as we think, the intention to give her but a life estate. But if we read the words “her minor heirs” as “her minor children,” it is still clear there was no intention that the minors should take immediately, because it is expressly stated that in case of the death of either of them without issue the property right shall revert back to the surviving children. If the intention had been to vest an interest in the lands in the minor heirs with their mother, Susan Bowles, as tenants In common with her, as is contended by complainants, the conveyance would have been to them without any reference to the future; whereas the language used clearly shows that as to them it was only to take effect in the future, the future period meant clearly being the death of the mother, and vest the title in the children then living, or if any should be then dead leaving issue, in such issue. We see no legal reason why effect cannot be given to that intention when the proper time arrives. If it be said there is a lack of clearness in the use of the terms employed, still we are of the opinion that the phrase, “in case of the death of either of the heirs without issue,” as used in the deed, means the death of either of such minor heirs (or children) without issue, before the death of Susan Bowles; that by the words “property right,” in the connection in which they are used, the grantor meant the right which such child would have, at its death, in the property, subject to the prior estate of Susan Bowles, the mother,-—in other words, its interest in the remainder. This view does not, however, sustain appellants’ bill. Counsel insist that on this bill they are at least entitled to a partition of the lands subject to the life interest of Susan Bowles. The bill seeks no such relief, as, manifestly, it could not at this time. Who will be entitled to take the property at the death of Susan Bowles, if the construction we place upon it be the correct one, can only be determined at her death. One or more of these complainants, or the defendant Susie H. Parrott, may then be dead without issue, in which event his, her or their interests would, under the terms of the deed, vest in the survivors, and hence the rights or interests of the respective parties cannot be determined now, and so, in an}r view of the case, the decree of the circuit court was proper. It will accordingly be affirmed. Decree affirmed.