Rhodes v. Ashurst

Mr. Justice Wilkin delivered the opinion of the court: The practice in chancery where an accounting is prayed and where the right to an account is denied is, that the preliminary matter in bar of the accounting should first be disposed of. A decree is then entered finding the facts to exist which give a right to the accounting, directing the basis of the account, and referring- the whole matter to the master in chancery to take evidence as to the state of the account, and to report the evidence and a statement of the account. (Ligare v. Peacock, 109 Ill. 94.) Such a decree was entered in this case, and whatever might have been its effect as res judicata had it not been appealed from, the plaintiffs in error certainly are now concluded by it. Having appealed from it and having procured the decision of this court upon the questions involved, they cannot now be heard to say that it was merely interlocutory. 5 Ency. of PI. & Pr. p. 1046. Much of the argument of counsel is devoted to the question of whether the Stoddard Manufacturing Company used the invention' covered by the patent in question. It is affirmed by counsel for plaintiffs in error that it did not. There are two answers to this position: First, the pleading’s admit that it did; and second, the finding of the former decree is conclusive on that point. The abstract shows that the answer to the cross-bill “admits that before and since January 1,1891, said Stoddard company made some drills with said Ashurst improvements attached thereto as part thereof,” and also that the decree recites that said company had made drills “with said improvements on.” As we understand the evidence, there is no claim that there was any difference in the drills manufactured, but the contention is that the patent does not cover the device used. This question is certainly foreclosed by the former decree. In the consideration of the case as it now comes before us, we must begin, then, with the assumption that the invention in question was used; that it belonged to Lewis B. Ashurst; that the contract between Rhodes and the Stoddard company covered this patent, as well as others which belonged to Rhodes; that Lewis B. Ashurst is entitled to an accounting, and that the basis thereof is to be a division of the royalty according to the relative value and importance of the respective appliances covered by said patents. The main question for decision, therefore, is, has an equitable division been made? Before disposing of this question we ought, perhaps, to notice the point made as to jurisdiction. It is claimed that the subject matter of this suit is cognizable solely in the Federal courts. Our former decision in this case is adverse to that position. We have again examined the question, and feel satisfied that that conclusion is correct. The theory of the cross-bill is, that Lewis B. Ashurst, as the owner of the patent, has the right to demand the royalty agreed to be paid by the Stoddard Manufacturing Company to Rhodes under the contract which they entered into. It proceeds upon the basis of a ratification of that contract so far as executed, but avers that the money arising therefrom is in equity the property of Ashurst. The foundation of the action is clearly the contract. Nor can it be said that the court was without jurisdiction as to the royalties accruing after the entry of the original decree. The assignment of the license was thereby declared void, but the Stoddard company continued, during the pendency of the appeal, to manufacture drills the same as before. It made no surrender of the claimed license. So long as the company and Rhodes continued under that contract they were in no position to say that the patent was used without license, and that they were infringers, and not licensees. The plaintiffs in error continued to stand in the same relation to Lewis B. Ashurst after that decree as before, and the same right to an accounting existed. Recurring to the question of the division of the royalty, so far as the Stoddard Manufacturing Company is concerned, although it assigns error in this regard, it would seem to be a matter of no moment to it whether Ashurst succeeds in his contention or Rhodes in his. Its position is that of a mere stakeholder. It concedes the royalty must be paid, therefore to whom it is to be paid is not a vital question to it. The real controversy lies between Rhodes and Lewis B. Ashurst. In the account stated by the master, royalty was changed on all drills made up to January 1, 1895. It is contended that the accounting should have ceased upon the entry of the former decree, November 13, 1891. One of the exceptions raises this question. We think the point not well taken. The operation of the decree was suspended during the appeal, but the manufacture of drills continued under the same contract. The interlocutory decree usually directs that all matters of account shall be adjusted down to the time of stating the account, even though no facts are stated in respect to them in the pleadings. (1 Ency. of PL & Pr. p. 103.) To hold that matters of account arising" during the pendency of the suit could not be considered would be to circumscribe the power of equity to do complete justice, which is one of its attributes. As to the relative value of the patents embraced in the Rhodes-Stoddard contract we find the evidence conflicting, and in some respects uncertain and unsatisfactory. From the nature of the case it could hardly be expected to be otherwise. To estimate how much value one of several devices adds to a piece of machinery is ordinarily a difficult question. Here each party claims all for his own invention and nothing" for that of his adversary, Plaintiffs in error say that the Ashurst patent is valueless because it is lacking in novelty and is in fact an infringement upon other prior patents. Having" accepted a license under it they cannot now attack it in that regard. “A licensee who has admitted, either expressly or impliedly, in the license-contract, or in pais, the validity of the license contract, or has enjoyed benefits under it, is estopped from contesting the validity of the patent in relation to acts done under the license.” (13 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 570; Kinsman v.FarJchurst, 18 How. 289.) “They have made and sold the machines under complainant’s title and for his account, and can no more be allowed to deny that title and retain the profits to their own use, than an agent, when he has collected a debt for his principal, can insist that the debt was not justly due.” Hall Manf. Co. v. American Railway Supply Co. 48 Mich. 331; Bartlett v. Holbrook, 67 Mass. 114. It is claimed that the Ashurst patent merely covers the particular mode of fastening the spring. Rhodes and the Stoddard company have themselves put a different construction upon it, else they would never have admitted its use, for it is clear that the spring used by the company had a different fastening from that illustrated in the Ashurst patent. The statement in the patent itself is, that the invention consists in a series of springs attached to the runners and front frame, so that pressure applied on the springs acts directly on the heel of the runner to press it into the earth.. The specifications expressly state that this spring may be fastened in any suitable or convenient manner. Nor is there any requirement that the spring must be flat. Examining the testimony in the light of this construction of the patent we think a fair division of the royalty has been made. The evidence of the defense was principally directed to an attack upon the novelty of the device and as to whether it was used. A number of witnesses, farmers and implement dealers, testified that the spring was the most important of the attachments. Rhodes and Ashurst each thought all of the value lay in his improvements. One J. P. Mowder gave it as his judgment that each contributed one-half. William Heberling divided it by giving Rhodes one-third. A. E. Windsor put the Rhodes dévices at twenty-five cents per drill. George Bell put them at forty cents per drill. Outside of Rhodes no witness for the defense gave any opinion as to the relative value of the attachments. The contention that-the patent is valueless results from a narrow construction of it not warranted in this case by the relation in which the parties stand to each other. A statement is made by counsel for plaintiffs in error to the effect that the Stoddard company has made pay- ' ment in full to Rhodes of all royalties, and therefore it should not be held. It seems incredible that such payments could have been made and no clearer evidence thereof appear in the record. If the amounts designated opposite the word “payments,” at the foot of the royalty statement furnished by John W. Stoddard, represented actual payments, it is remarkable that in his testimony he should refer only to the payment of the first item. We are inclined to think this statement was intended to represent the timé when the payments became due. The first part of the statement shows the time of manufacture. The royalty, however, was not payable, under the contract, until January 1 next after the sales were made. If it were actually true that payment was made it should have been shown with certainty. In our judgment the objection has no foundation in fact. The cross-error presents the question of whether the set-off allowed'was proper. John L. Ashurst gave his notes to the Havana Press Drill Company in consideration of a certain number of shares of its capital stock, and also granted the license in question to it as a part of the same transaction. The deduction represents the balance due on these notes. A license is not assignable, strictly speaking, and when Lewis B. Ashurst elected to affirm the Rhodes-Stoddard contract as to the license obtained through John L. Ashurst and the Havana Press Drill Company he must be held to have taken it subject to all equities, —particularly in view of the fact that the assignment of the patent from his brother to him recited that it was subject to the rights of the Havana Press Drill Company. It may seem a hardship upon him to be compelled to pay the debt of John L. Ashurst, but he might have elected to treat the assignment of the license as a nullity and proceeded against the Stoddard Manufacturing Company as an infring'er, in which case this question would not have arisen. We find the cross-error not well taken. On the whole record we think the decree of the circuit court is equitable and just, and that it was properly affirmed by the Appellate Court. Judgment affirmed, Mr. Justice Boggs, having heard this case in the Appellate Court, took no part in its decision here.