Kaenders v. Montague

Mr. Justice Magruder delivered the opinion of the court: It is sought to set aside the will attacked by the bill in this case upon the ground of want of testamentary capacity in the testatrix, and upon the ground of the exercise of undue influence over her. It is assigned as error by the counsel for the appellants, that the verdict of the jury is not sustained by the evidence. At the close of all the testimony the defendants below asked the court to instruct the jury, “that, under the evidence in this case, they must find that the instrument in writing dated September 19, 1896, purporting to be the last will and testament of Annie Squire is the last will and testament of Annie Squire.” This instruction was refused, and it is claimed that its refusal by the court below was érror. The case is exceedingly close upon the facts. The three subscribing witnesses to the execution of the'will, and seven other witnesses acquainted with the deceased, swear that she was of sound mind and memory at the time of the execution of the will. Indeed, the proof shows that, when the testatrix made her will, she was of sufficiently sound mind and memory to remember the amount and nature of her property, the various relatives and friends to whom she might desire to distribute the same by will, and to enable her to make an intelligent disposition of her estate among them at the time the will was signed. At that time, although she was feeble in body and mind from sickness, she had sufficient capacity to understand the particular business in which she was then engaged. It is claimed, however, that, while she was at that time capable of transacting the ordinary business affairs of life, such as settling accounts and collecting and paying out money, etc., yet that she was subject to a morbid or insane delusion upon subjects connected with the disposition of her property by will, and as to the natural objects of her bounty. It is contended that this insane delusion was in reference to her nieces and the relatives of her husband. By the sixth clause of her will she gives to her four nieces the sum of one dollar each, and then says: “It is my will that none of my relatives or my husband’s relatives shall have or take any of my property except the sum of one dollar as above given to each of my said nieces.” The will gave all her property away from her relatives and from the relatives of her husband. This ignoring of such relatives by her will is attributed by the appellees to the existence of the insane delusion above referred to. It has been said by this court, “that there may be insanity without the general business capacity of the individual being affected thereby.” (American Bible Society v. Price, 115 Ill. 623). Where there is insane delusion in regard to those who are the objects of the testator’s bounty, and in regard to his duty or moral obligation to make a will in favor, of a particular individual, corporation or society, and a will is made as the result of that delusion, it cannot be sustained. {American Bible Society v. Price, supra). The evidence to establish the insane delusion contended for is slight in the present case, although it may be sufficient to have justified the trial court in submitting the question to the jury. It is true, that Mrs. Squire made bequests in her will to her lawyer, to her priest, and to her intimate friend who was with her in her last sickness. But it is well settled, that the owner of property, who has capacity to attend to his ordinary business, has the lawful right to dispose of such property, either by deed or by will, as he may choose; and the reasonableness or justice or propriety of the will are not questions for the jury to pass upon, although the unreasonableness of a testamentary disposition of property may be considered as a mere circumstance, tending to show unsoundness of mind or undue influence in connection with all the other facts and circumstances proven in the case. (Taylor v. Pegram, 151 Ill. 106; Nicewander v. Nicewander, id. 156). In view of the fact that the exúdence in this case upon the questions of unsoundness of mind and of the exercise of undue influence is close, it was important that the jury should be correctly instructed. The eleventh instruction given by the court for the contestants below, who are the appellees here, is as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that the declarations and statements of Annie Squire were admitted in evidence for the purpose of illustrating' and showing her mental condition; and are not to be considered'as having any legitimate bearing upon any question inxmlved in the case, except as to her soundness or unsoundness of mind and memory at the time of making the instrument, which purports to be her will.” We regard this instruction as erroneous under the facts developed by the testimony in the case. It is broad enough to include two wills which were made by Mrs. Squire before the execution of her last will, dated September 19, 1896. It is also broad enough to include certain declarations and statements, made by her prior to the execution of her last will, which were in conformity with the provisions of the will itself. She made a will on July 25, 1896, and another on August 13, 1896. These wills were canceled and supplanted by the will of September 19,1896, but they were both introduced in evidence without objection. As they had been canceled, they Amounted to mere declarations of the testatrix as to her intentions at the respective times of their execution in regard to the disposition of her property. Several of the provisions contained in these prior wills were the same as provisions contained in the will finally executed by her. These prior wills it was proper for the jury to consider, inasmuch as they furnished some evidence to rebut the idea of undue influence having been exercised to procure the execution of the last will. Where a testator, being of sound mind and free from the control of any undue influence, disposes of his property by a prior will, and the disposition, which he thereby makes of his property, approximates very nearly to the provisions of the will which is contested, such circumstance tends to rebut the idea, that undue influence has been exercised to procure the execution of the last will. (Roe v. Taylor, 45 Ill. 485; Taylor v. Pegram, 151 id. 106). We have also held that, where a will is charged to have been executed through undue influence, the declarations of the testator made before its execution are admissible by way of rebuttal to show his intention as to the disposition of his property, upon the ground that a will made in conformity with such declarations is more likely to have been executed without undue influence than if its terms are contrary to such declarations. (Harp v. Parr, 168 Ill. 459; Goodbar v. Lidikey, 136 Ind. 1). The rule, as above stated, in regard to prior declarations which are in harmony with the provisions of a contested will, in no way conflicts with the well settled rule, that statements made by the testator either before or after the execution of a contested will, which are in conflict with the provisions thereof, do not invalidate or modify such will iu any manner. Parties making wills cannot invalidate them by their own parol declarations made previously or subsequently. (Taylor v. Pegram, supra; Dickie v. Carter, 42 Ill. 376). The eleventh instruction given by the court evidently had the effect of excluding from the consideration of the jury all the declarations of the testatrix in harmony with the provisions of her last will, which were made by her prior to the execution thereof, whether such declarations were made orally or were embodied in the previous wills. As the declarations thus excluded had a tendency to rebut the proof of the contestants, which tended to show the exercise of undue influence in the making of the last will, the giving of the eleventh instruction was unfair to the appellants. For the error above indicated, the decree of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded to that court for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed. Reversed and remanded. Subsequently, upon considering this case on rehearing, the following additional opinion was filed: Per Curiam: Since granting the rehearing in this cause we have given it further consideration and have reached the same conclusion announced in the opinion heretofore filed. The contention that Harp v. Parr, 168 Ill. 459, (cited in support of the holding that the eleventh instruction was erroneous,) is in conflict with former decisions of this court, ignores a clear distinction pointed out in the. Harp case and in the above opinion. The authorities are not harmonious on the subject, but the geneal rule recognized by this court is, that prior declarations of a testator are not admissible to prove undue influence. That rule, however, is applicable only in cases where the declarations and statements are offered for the purpose of varying or controlling the operation of the contested will, and not to those in which the will is in harmony with the declared intentions of the testator. The reason for the distinction is pointed out in the above opinion and the cases there cited. It is afeo clearly stated in Hill v. Bahrns, 158 Ill. 314, where we said (p. 318): “And it is held that a prior will, and statements and declarations of the testator made at a time when his mental capacity was undisputed, as to the manner in which he had disposed of his property by a prior will which has been destroyed, are admissible in evidence, where it appears that such disposition of his property" by such prior "will is approximately the same as that made by the contested will, as tending to rebut the idea of undue influence.” The cases cited by counsel for appellees in support of their petition are all cases in which the declarations and statements were sought to be introduced to vary the terms of the will being contested, and the general rule above indicated was strictly applicable. Keeping in mind the proper distinction between the two classes of cases there is no conflict or want of. harmony in our decisions. The foregoing opinion will be re-adopted and the decree below reversed and the cause remanded, as there directed. „ 7 7 7 7 Reversed and remanded.