People ex rel. Freeman v. Murphy

Mr. Chief Justice Ricks announced the opinion of the court: A motion for leave to file a petition for habeas corpus is made by the relator, Freeman, and the particular ground for relief set forth in the petition is, that the petitioner, who was indicted for murder, was not given a trial within four months after the time of his commitment to jail. The relator was committed to jail in Cook county November 21, 1903, on a coroner’s warrant, charged with the murder of Cornelius VanZandwick, following an inquest. He was indicted at the December term, 1903, of the criminal court, entered his plea of not guilty on December 22, 1903, and demanded a trial at the February term, 1904, on the last day of the month and term. He obtained a continuance of the cause at the March term, 1904, on the 28th day of March, and on the 29th day of the same month the order of continuance was on his motion set aside. He then moved to be discharged for want of prosecution' within the fourth term of the court. The motion was denied and the trial entered upon and the examination of jurors begun and continued until a jury was fully empaneled and sworn on March 30, and the trial was proceeded with to April 6, when a verdict of guilty of manslaughter was returned. A motion for a new trial was made, and at the June term, 1904, overruled aild the relator sentenced. The criminal court of Cook county has a term commencing the first Monday of each month, and all pending and undisposed of causes are continued from one term to another by operation of law, unless otherwise continued. (Hurd’s Stat. 1899, chap. 37, par. 56.) Relator was tried, or his trial entered upon, at a term of court commencing within fouimonths from his commitment, but the trial was not concluded until the April term, which commenced more than four months after his commitment. He was tried by a jury empaneled at the March term, and did not, during the trial, move for or demand his discharge, and no order was asked of or entered by the criminal court touching his discharge after the trial began. The statute relied on is as follows: “Any person committed for a criminal or supposed criminal offense, and not admitted to bail, and not tried at some term of the court having jurisdiction of the offense commencing within four months of the date of commitment, or if there is no term commencing within that time, then at or before the first term commencing after said four months, shall be set at liberty by the court, unless the delay shall happen on the application of the prisoner, or unless the court is satisfied that due exertion has been made to procure the evidence on -the part of the People, and that there is reasonable grounds to believe that such evidence may be procured at the next term, in which case the court may continue the case to the next term.” (Hurd’s Stat. 1899, chap. 38, par. 438.) It is contended by the relator that because his trial was not completed during the March term of the court but extended over into the April term, the court lost jurisdiction of his person under the provisions of the above statute, and that he is, therefore, entitled to his discharge under the writ of habeas corpus. It is not denied that at the term the jury was empaneled and his trial entered upon the court had jurisdiction of both the subject matter and the person of the relator, and there can be no question but that the court retained jurisdiction, unless the jurisdiction of the person of the relator was lost by the court entering some order that it should not have entered or failing to enter some order that should have been entered. The above statute authorizes the court to continue a cause to a term commencing after four months from the time of commitment if the delay has happened upon the application of the prisoner or if the court is satisfied that due exertion has been made to procure the evidence on the part of the People, and if the court is also satisfied that there is reasonable grounds to believe that such evidence may be procured at the term to which said cause is continued. When the court is moved to discharge a prisoner or when his release is sought under the provisions of the above statute, a number of questions arise upon such application, which, we think, must be determined in the court in which the prisoner is held for trial. Some of these questions are of such a nature that it could well be said that they rest within the sound legal discretion of the trial court. In view of the provisions of the statute and the authority reposed in the court under it, we are clearly of the opinion that no court but the trial court in which the proceeding is pending has jurisdiction to primarily determine this question, and that no court except a court of review has jurisdiction to determine whether or not the trial court properly disposed of such an application. We are unable and unwilling to give our assent to the contention that any court but a court of review has jurisdiction to determine that the trial court was not satisfied, or was not justified in being satisfied, that due exertion had been made to procure the evidence for the People, and satisfied that there was reasonable grounds to believe that the evidence for the People might be procured at the next term of the court. If the prisoner would invoke this statute he should demand his release in the trial court, and preserve in the record, by bill of exceptions, the proceedings had upon such application. If the application be denied it is the right of the prisoner to have the action of the court reviewed as a part of the record, and if error is committed in the proceedings, (and it is merely error if it is anything,) and that error is made to appear in the record which is brought before this court on writ of error, this court will review the action of the trial court in that behalf, as was done in Marzen v. People, 190 Ill. 81, and Guthmann v. People, 203 id. 260. The statute under consideration cannot be held, in view of its provisions, to be an unqualified mandate that the prisoner shall be released by the mere lapse of time or the mere fact that he is not given a trial at a term of court commencing within four months of the time of his commitment. Not only must the time elapse, but the circumstances must be such that it is error for the court to longer detain him, and as to these circumstances and to his right of discharge he must obtain the judgment or ruling of the court having jurisdiction of the cause. If an indictment is found, then, thereafter, the benefit of this statute must be sought in the court having jurisdiction of the cause,—that is, the court in which the indictment is pending. If the prisoner does not apply to that court and obtain from it an order discharging him, or refusing to do so, he is in no position to complain, as he should not be allowed to complain, on writ of error or otherwise, that he has not received an order he has not asked for. Before the action or refusal to act of the trial court can be assigned for error the court must at least be called upon to act. Error cannot be assigned upon a mere failure of the court to discharge a prisoner, under the provisions of this statute, who has not asked or moved the court to do so. It is not the intent or purpose of the law that mere errors committed or arising out of- matters wherein a court is exercising a discretion, as in this case, during the pendency of the trial, and reviewable upon error, shall be reviewed by courts of concurrent jurisdiction, or any court for that matter, under a writ of habeas corpus. The writ of habeas corpus is not for the purpose of reviewing errors, and is only authorized in those cases where the court has acted without jurisdiction. People ex rel. v. Allen, 160 Ill. 400; People ex rel. v. Foster, 104 id. 156; Ex parte Thompson, 93 id. 89; Ex parte Smith, 117 id. 63; People v. Murphy, 202 id. 493; 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, (2d ed.) 172. In the case of People ex rel. v. Allen, supra, it is said: “The court had jurisdiction of the person and subject matter. There may be some question in .regard to whether the judgment entered in the case was erroneous or not. However that may be, the judgment is not void, and for that reason there is no ground for writ of habeas corpus. If there was any error committed by the court in the trial of the cause or in the sentence of the petitioner, that is a question which may be reviewed by writ of error, but the party has no right to a writ of habeas corpus.” So in the case at bar, as the'jury was empaneled at the March term,—a term commencing within four months of the time of the arrest and commitment of the relator,—and an indictment followed the arrest at the December term, the court then had jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the person of the relator, and whether it lost that jurisdiction depended only upon whether it correctly or wrongfully determined the rights of the relator to discharge upon application made for that purpose, and if it was incorrectly held by the court that the relator was not entitled to his discharge, that question, if properly preserved, was one for review upon writ of error. It is suggested in the petition that this court should take jurisdiction of this cause and consider it upon its merits because the petition was presented to a circuit judge of Cook county and the writ denied. The circuit court, and the criminal court, in which the trial was had, are courts of concurrent jurisdiction. The contention or view that the circuit court of Cook county is vested with jurisdiction to sit in review of the proceedings of the criminal court cannot for a moment be entertained. If the circuit court had assumed jurisdiction and granted the writ, predicating its action upon this statute, it would have been a nullity for lack of jurisdiction in the court and could avail the relator nothing. The order of the circuit court would neither warrant the discharge of the relator nor protect him against re-arrest. It is as essential that a court have jurisdiction in a proceeding for writ of habeas corpus as any other cause that may come before it. In original application for habeas corpus the jurisdiction of this court is not greater, or based on different grounds, than that of the circuit and superior courts. The views we have above expressed preclude us from the consideration of the case upon its merits, and leave to file the petition is denied. j Motion denied.