City of Chicago v. Wolf

Mr. Justice Scott delivered the opinion of the court: Wolf retained twenty-five per cent of the interest collected on the city funds as a part of his compensation, under an act which became effective July i, 1893, (Laws of 1893, p. 136,) and which has been repealed since his term of office expired, but which, when in force, provided: “That the State Treasurer and every county, city, township, school and park treasurer, and every other custodian of public funds, who shall be hereafter elected or appointed and qualified, shall, at the end of each fiscal year account for interest on the daily balances of the funds from time to time in his custody, at a rate of not less than two per cent per annum, and as much higher as solvent banks that are reasonably accessible, pay on the daily balances of accounts that are subject to sight draft or check. Three-fourths of such interest shall belong to the public and be added to the fund; and the remaining one-fourth of such interest shall belong to such treasurer or custodian, and may be retained by him as extra compensation for the extra care and responsibility assumed in making the fund bear interest: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to in any way release such treasurer or custodian or his bondsmen from any liability: And, provided, further, that if any such treasurer or custodian shall keep such funds dr any part thereof in his personal possession and not in a bank or on deposit for the purpose of receiving interest on the same and keep the same in actual money and not in securities, and shall not in any way use such funds or any part thereof himself, or receive any interest or thing of value or compensation for the use of said funds, or permit them to be used by any person, persons, co-partnership or corporation, for his benefit, then he shall not be required to account for any interest on the funds so kept, providing no responsible depository accessible shall be. willing to pay interest, and in that case he shall make, sign and file an affidavit in the following form (Here follows a form for affidavit.) It is first contended by the city that the act of 1893 was void in toto, for the reason that the legislative department is without power to command or authorize the loan of public money even by way of deposit in a bank where the fund may be withdrawn at any time. We have carefully examined the numerous authorities cited in the voluminous brief of appellant on this branch of the case. Neither of them is directly in point. This court in the case of Dreyer v. People, 176 Ill. 590, recognized the validity of the statute in part at least, for it is there said that by this act an additional duty in respect to the fund was cast upon the defendant in that case, who had been treasurer of a board of park commissioners. That duty so recognized by this court was plainly a duty to make the public fund bear interest where that could be done in accordance with the provisions of this statute. Such additional duty could not have been the duty of adding to the fund three-fourths of such interest, because without this statute it was the duty of the treasurer to add all of such interest, if collected, to the fund. It follows, without argument, that if the act charged the custodian or keeper of a public fund with an additional duty with respect to the fund, the act was not entirely void. It is next urged by the city that the act, in so far as it allowed the treasurer to retain one-fourth of such interest as extra compensation for the extra care and responsibility assumed in making the fund bear interest, was unconstitutional. The title of this act was, “An act to compel State, county, city, township, school and park treasurers and other custodians of public funds to account for interest on such funds under their control,” and it is said that the provision in the act making the treasurer or custodian the owner of one-fourth of the interest is not expressed in the title, and cannot be made effective even though the remainder of the act be not obnoxious to the constitution. The leading case upon which appellant relies in this regard is that of People v. Mellen, 32 Ill. 181. The act there under consideration was an act to repeal certain acts therein named. The act not only repealed those acts, but contained certain affirmative legislation, which this court held was not expressed in the title of the act. Other cases to the same effect are cited. We think the words “to account for,” in the title, do not neces-' sarily mean to pay over, and that as this act provides the manner in which the treasurer or other custodian shall account for the interest, namely, by adding three-fourths thereof to the fund and by retaining the remaining one-fourth as his individual property, it can be said that the object of the portion of the act authorizing him to so retain one-fourth of the fund is expressed in the title. It is then argued at some length that this provision contravened section 16 of article 4 of the constitution, which is as follows: ■ “The General Assembly shall make no appropriation of money out of the treasury in any private law. Bills making appropriations for the pay of members and officers of the General Assembly, and for the salaries of the officers of the government, shall, contain no provision on any other subject.” • It is evident that this section has reference only to bills making appropriations of money in the State treasury, and can therefore have no application here. It is next urged that this provision contravened sections 9 and 10 of article 9 of the constitution, which are: “Sec. 9. The General Assembly may vest the 'corporate authorities of cities, towns and villages with power to make local improvements by special assessment, or by special taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise. For all other corporate purposes, all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to assess and collect taxes; but such taxes shall be uniform in respect to persons and property, within, the jurisdiction of the body imposing the same. “Sec. io. The General Assembly shall not impose taxes upon municipal corporations, or the inhabitants or property thereof, for corporate purposes, but shall require that all the taxable property within the limits of municipal corporations shall be taxed for the payment of debts contracted under authority of law, such taxes to be uniform in respect to persons and property, within the jurisdiction of the body imposing the same. Private property shall not be liable to be taken or sold for the payment of the corporate debts of a municipal corporation.” Appellant contends that the provision of the act giving one-fourth of the interest to the custodian of the fund constituted the imposing of taxes upon municipal corporations, or the inhabitants or property thereof, for municipal purposes, because it took money which, but for said provision, would have belonged to municipal corporations and gave it to the treasurers or other custodians, and, to the extent of the amount taken, necessitated a resort to increased taxation by municipal corporations, and it is said that the legislature is without power to so necessitate such increased taxation. In our judgment this argument indicates a misapprehension of the purposes of this statute. Without this law custodians of public funds were without any legal authority for loaning the fund or for depositing it where it would draw interest. This act authorized the public treasurers of the State to realize interest from the deposit of the fund and required them to pay three-fourths thereof to the fund. It was only by virtue of this enactment that city treasurers were authorized to realize and receive sitch interest. By this law current funds might lawfully have been used by the treasurer for the purpose of producing additional sums for the public. Of the earnings of such public funds the officer was to receive as compensation the one-fourth part. The act must be considered as a whole, and • when so considered it is apparent that if the treasurer acted under its provisions, taxation, instead of being increased, would have been reduced. It is next urged that this provision for the payment of one-fourth of the interest to the treasurer contravened section 20 of article 4 of the constitution, because it was a donation of public money to an individual for merely private uses, and was therefore void. This position disregards the view of this statute taken by this court in Dreyer v. People, supra, where it is said that the treasurer is by this act charged with an additional duty with respect to the fund, and that the legislature by this act allowed to the treasurer a portion of the interest as extra compensation for the care and responsibility in making the fund bear interest. The next position is, that the statute contravened section 23 of article 5 of the constitution, which provides that the officers named in that article, being State officers and including the State treasurer, shall receive for their services a salary to be established by law, and shall not receive to their own use any fees, costs, perquisites of office or other additional compensation, and that the statute was therefore void as applied to the State treasurer; that it was also in contravention of section 9 of article 10, which provides that the clerks of all courts of record, and certain other officers in Cook county, including the treasurer, shall receive as their only compensation for their services, salaries to be fixed by law, and that all fees, perquisites and emoluments above the amount of such salaries shall be paid into the county treasury, and that the act was therefore void as applied to the treasurer of Cook county; that it was also in contravention of section 10 of article 10 of the constitution, which provides that the county board, except as provided in section 9 of article 10, shall fix the compensation of all county officers, and that the act was therefore void as applied to all county treasurers in the State outside of Cook county, and that being void as to the State treasurer and all county treasurers, it must therefore be held void and inapplicable to city officers and all other officers included in the general words used in the act. It is unnecessary in this case to determine the validity of this act so far as the State treasurer and county treasurers are concerned. We have been unable to agree with counsel in their conclusion that if the provision, for constitutional reasons, cannot be applied to those officers it is therefore void as to all other officers mentioned in the statute. The rule relied upon by appellant, that where certain portions, clauses or phrases of the act are attacked as being obnoxious to the constitution, and where the remainder of the statute would not be vulnerable to such an attack but for the fact that such remainder is linked with the portions that are so attacked, is thus stated by Judge Cooley: “And if they are so mutually connected with and dependent on each other, as conditions, considerations or compensations for each other, as to warrant the belief that the legislature intended them as a whole, and if all could not be carried into effect the legislature would not pass the residue independently, then, if some parts are unconstitutional, all the provisions which are thus dependent, conditional or connected must fall with them.” (Cooley’s Const. Lim. *178; People v. Cooper, 83 Ill. 585.) When we attempt to apply this rule to the statute now before us, it becomes evident that the provisions, so far as they affect the State treasurer and county treasurers, are in nowise connected with or dependent upon the other provisions, so far as those other provisions affect other custodians of public funds; that is, it is not apparent that the legislature would not have passed this act with reference to all custodians of public funds other than the State treasurer and the county treasurers, had it appeared to that body that for constitutional reasons such an act could not be made effective as to the last named officers. “A legislative act may be entirely valid as to some classes of cases and clearly void as to others. * * * A law-might be void as violating the obligation of existing contracts but valid as to all contracts which should be entered into subsequent to its passage, and which therefore would have no legal force except such as the law itself would allow. In any such case the unconstitutional law must operate as far as it can, and it will not be held invalid on the objection of a party whose interests are not affected by it in a manner which the constitution forbids.” Cooley’s Const. Lim. *180. An act which attempted to confer exclusive jurisdiction upon- the county courts in a certain class of cases, and which would have been unconstitutional for that reason, was held to be valid in so far as it conferred jurisdiction on the county courts concurrent with the circuit courts, and enforcible to that extent. (Myers v. People, 67 Ill. 503.) If a statute attempts to accomplish two objects and is void as to one, it may still be in every respect valid as. to the other. Cornell v. People, 107 Ill. 372. It is therefore immaterial whether this statute was operative so far as the State treasurer and county treasurers are concerned, because, even if it should be held to have been invalid as to those officers,—and we expressly refrain from intimating any opinion on that subject,—it could still have been enforced so far as the other officers mentioned therein are concerned. It is further objected that the statute violated other provisions of the State constitution, and likewise violated the constitution of the United States. We have examined the authorities cited and considered the arguments offered in support of such further objections and regard those objections as somewhat hypercritical, and it is unnecessary to lengthen this opinion by fully stating, our views in regard thereto. We are of the opinion that the statute under consideration was constitutional in so far as its provisions are material in this cause. Wolf was elected April 2, 1895. He qualified and entered upon the duties of his office April 16, 1895. His term ended April 19, 1897. By a provision inserted in the appropriation ordinance of 1895, passed March 8, 1895, the salary of the city treasurer, including the compensation of his assistants and his office expenses, was fixed in these words: “For salary of city treasurer, including assistants and all office expenses, sixty percentum of the revenue received as interest on city deposits.” Section 11 of article 9 of the constitution of the State provides: “The fees, salary or compensation of no municipal officer who is elected or appointed for a definite term of office, shall be increased or diminished during such term.” Section 86 of chapter 24, Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1903, provides that if the salary, fees or other compensation of certain city officers, including the treasurer, “has been once fixed, such fees or compensation shall not be increased or diminished, to take effect during the term for which any such officer was elected or appointed.” It follows, therefore, that no ordinance of the city of Chicago passed after April 16, 1895, could affect or change the amount of Wolf’s compensation, and that his allowance for salary, assistants and office expenses remained throughout his term as fixed by the ordinance of March 8, 1895. It is said, however, that it was improper to fix by the ordinance a lump sum for the salary, office expenses and pay of assistants of the city treasurer. In Kilgore v. People, 76 Ill. 548, a similar provision fixing in one sum the salary, clerk hire and allowances for stationery and fuel of the county treasurer was approved, and following the reasoning of that opinion we hold that the provision contained in the ordinance now before us cannot be defeated by reason of the fact that separate sums or separate percentages were not fixed for each of the three items covered by that provision. Section 86, supra, provides that the city treasurer “may receive a salary, fees or other compensation to be fixed by ordinance.” The term “other compensation’5 there used is broad enough to include allowances made for the payment of assistants and office expenses. It is also argued that the ordinance of.March 8, 1895, fixing Wolf’s compensation, pay of assistants and office expenses is in conflict with the Civil Service act and must yield to the latter. This act became the law in the city of Chicago on July 1, 1895, upon the mayor' of that city making proclamation to that effect on that day, pursuant to section 484 of chapter 24, Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1903. As Wolf’s compensation, for reasons heretofore stated, could not be changed during his term, it could not be affected by this act, which became effective only after the beginning of his term. It is then contended that if both the ordinance and the statute in question be valid Wolf should be allowed twenty-five percentum of the interest received on the city funds under the statute and under the ordinance sixty percentum,— not of the entire amount of interest received on city deposits, but sixty percentum of that portion thereof remaining after deducting the twenty-five percentum allowed by the statute, which would be sixty percentum of seventy-five percentum, or forty-five percentum of the total amount of the interest, and added to the twenty-five percentum allowed by the statute would make an aggregate of seventy percentum of the entire interest, and result in his receiving fifteen percentum less than he has received. We think such a construction does violence to the language of the ordinance. It provides that he shall have “sixty percentum of the revenue received as interest on city deposits,” which means sixty percentum of the entire amount of interest received, and the statute authorizes, him to retain one-fourth, or twenty-five percentum, of the interest received by him, as “extra compensation.” It is evident that under the ordinance and the statute together he was entitled to eighty-five percentum of all the interest received. Many other propositions, some collateral, some subordinate and others analogous to the controlling questions involved in this cause have been argued. A discussion, in this opinion, of these collateral, subordinate and analogous matters would be profitless. Propositions of law were submitted to and passed upon by the circuit court. It follows from what we have said that the court’s action in holding or refusing each of the propositions of law, respectively, was without reversible error, and the judgment of the circuit court will be affirmed. Judgment affirmed.