Harding v. St. Louis National Stock Yards

Mr. Justice Carter delivered the opinion of the court: Some controversy is found in the record as to who changed the switch. Wysong, who was left there, denies . that he did it, but another witness testified that he saw Wysong throw the switch just before the accident. It is not contended that this court can inquire into this controverted question of fact. The chief contention of appellant is, that the members of the switching crew were not its servants but were the servants of Armour & Co. at the time of the accident. It is admitted that the switching crew were employed and paid by appellant, and while the evidence shows that complaints of neglect of duty or inefficiency against the members of the crew, made by Armour &' Co., would be considered by appellant, yet the conclusion from the evidence is that appellant alone had the right to discharge the members of this crew. There has been much discussion as to the reason of the rule holding the master responsible for the negligence of his servants. The generally accepted reason is that given in the early case of Farwell v. Boston and Worcester Railroad Corporation, 4 Metc. 49, in which Chief Justice Shaw stated (p. 55) : “This rule is obviously founded on the great principle of social duty that every man in the management of his own affairs, whether by himself or by his agents or servants, shall so conduct them as'not to injure another, and if he does not, and another thereby sustains damage, he shall answer for it. If done by a servant in the course of his employment and acting within the scope of his authority, it is considered, in contemplation of law, so far the act of the master that the latter shall be answerable civiliter.” This responsibility cannot be extended beyond the master’s work. The master is not answerable for the negligence of the servant if the latter is doing his own work or that of some third person. The contention of appellant is, that while the switching crew were in its general employ they were in the special employ of Armour & Co. at the time of the accident,—that is, it is contended that under the rule laid down by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals in Clough v. Grand Trunk Western Railway Co. 155 Fed. Rep. 81, the switching crew were the special servants of Armour & Co., and that for the time being appellant had parted with its control and direction of these servants and was not responsible for their acts of negligence. No absolute or arbitrary rule can be laid down by which it can be plainly seen in every case whether a person is the servant of the general or special master, as these terms are used in the decisions. The special facts of each case must be looked to in order to reach the proper conclusion. In Foster v. City of Chicago, 197 Ill. 264, it is held that the difference between an independent contractor and a mere servant is not determined solely by the retention of a certain kind or degree of supervision by the employer, and not by the phraseology of a single sentence or paragraph, but from the contract as a whole. This court in Hale v. Johnson, 80 Ill. 185, held that one who contracts to do a certain piece of work, either entirely in accord with his own ideas or in accordance with a plan previously given to him by the person for whom the work is being done, without being subject to the orders of the latter in respect to the details of the work, is clearly a contractor and not a servant, and a person injured by his negligence in the performance of the work cannot recover against the one who employed the contractor. To the sane effect is Jefferson v. Jameson & Morse Co. 165 Ill. 138. In Foster v. Wadsworth-Howland Co. 168 Ill. 514, this court held that one who contracts with a business house to do all its hauling and delivery work at a specified sum per week, furnishing teams, wagons and drivers, over which he retains full control, is a contractor and not a servant, and the business house is not liable for the negligent driving of the wagons, though its name and address are painted thereon. In Shearman & Redfield on Negligence (4th ed. secs. 160-162,) the rule is laid down that he is the master who has the choice, control and direction of the servants; that the master remains liable to a stranger for the negligence of his servants unless he abandons their control. The control of the servants does not exist unless the hirer has the right to discharge themqand hire others in their places. The doctrine of respondeat superior is applicable where the person sought to be charged has the right to control the action of the person committing the injury. In quoting the above doctrine with approval in Pioneer Fireproof Construction Co. v. Hansen, 176 Ill. 100, this court said (p. 108) : “It follows that the right to control the negligent servant is the test by which it is to be determined whether the relation of master and servant exists; and, inasmuch as the right to control involves the power to discharge, the relation of master and servant will not exist unless the power to discharge exists.” To the same effect is 2 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 12, p. 892. It was held by this court in Consolidated Fireworks Co. v. Koehl, 190 Ill. 145, that one who is a general servant of one party may be lent or hired by his master to another for some special service, so as to become, as to such service, the servant of the other, the test in such case being whether in the particular service the servant continues to be under the direction and control of his master or of the other party. See, also, Grace & Hyde Co. v. Probst, 208 Ill. 147, and Coughlan v. Cambridge, 166 Mass. 268, where the same rule is laid down. The doctrine of respondeat superior will apply only where the relation of master and servant is shown to exist between the wrongdoer and the person sought to be held liable for the injury. The master is he in whose business the servant is engaged at the time and who has the right to control and direct the servant’s conduct. “Servants who are employed and paid by one person may nevertheless be ad hoc the servants of another in a particular transaction.” (Higgins v. Western Union Telegraph Co. 156 N. Y. 75.) I11 many cases it has been held that a person may be in the general employment of one but lent to another in such a way as to become the servant for the occasion or for a time of the person to whom lent. These cases have generally depended upon the nature of the contract or the arrangement existing between the master and the third person. (Driscoll v. Towle, 181 Mass. 416.) In this last case the defendant was engaged in the general teaming business, and the only question was whether the driver of the wagon which knocked down the plaintiff was defendant’s servant. The driver’s contract of employment was with the defendant, who paid him his wages, but for some time he had been carrying property for an electric lighting company under an arrangement made with that company by the defendant. Every morning the driver reported to the company with his wagon, and after carrying out its orders all day returned at night to the defendant’s stables. Sometimes he gave help, outside of driving his wagon and loading and unloading it, in pulling up arms on electric light poles, or in pulling machinery, and the like. When the accident happened he was on his way to get some material, in pursuance of an order from the foreman of the electric light company. In that case the court said (p. 418) : “The contract between the defendant and the electric light company was not stated in terms, but it fairly could have been found to have been an ordinary contract by the defendant to do his regular business by his servants in the common way. In all probability it was nothing more. Of course, in such cases the party who employs the contractor indicates the work to be done, and in that sense controls the servant as he would control the contractor if he were present. But the person who receives such orders is not subject to the general orders of the party who gives them. He does his own business in his own way, and the orders which he receives simply point out to him the work which he or his master has undertaken to do. There is not that degree of intimacy and generality in the subjection of one' to the other which is necessary in order to identify the two and make the employer liable under the fiction that the act of the employed is his act. * * * In cases like the present there is a general consensus of authority that although a driver may be ordered by those who. have dealt with his master to go to this place or that, to take this or that burden, to hurry or to take his time, nevertheless, in respect to the manner of his driving and the control of his horse, he remains subject to no orders but those of the man who pays -him. Therefore he can make no one else liable if he negligently runs a person down in the street.” In Standard Oil Co. v. Anderson, 212 U. S. 215, the court, in discussing this question, said (p. 225) : “In many of the cases the .power of substitution or discharge, the payment of wages, and other" circumstances bearing upon the relation, are dwelt upon. They, however, are not the ultimate facts, but only those more or less useful in determining whose is the work and whose is the power of control.” In the light of these authorities we do not think, oh the facts shown on this record, that this court can hold, as a matter of law, as contended for by counsel' for appellant, that the switching crew were at the time of the accident such special servants of Armour &' Co. that the said company only could be held liable for the negligence which caused the injury to appellee’s intestate. The mere fact that the foreman of Armour & Co. gave a list of the cars, or stated to the foreman of the switching crew whiclj cars should be transferred from one track to the other or taken from the yards to railroads outside, or what cars should be brought in from outside railroads to the yards, does not, as a matter of law, make the switching crew the servants of Armour & Co. On the evidence in this record it is uncontroverted that the details of this work of moving the cars or switches was carried on entirely by the switching crew. This accident was caused by the misplacing of a switch, which was entirely within the scope of the work of the switching crew and not under the direction of the foreman of Armour & Co. The evidence was such that the court cannot say, as a matter of law, that the switching crew were loaned to Armour & Co. so that they became subject to said company’s control in doing the particular work which caused the accident. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the appellant’s contention, this was a question of fact to be submitted to the jury under proper instructions. The instructions that were given to the jury by the trial court submitted the appellant’s theory that its general servants (the switching crew) were the special servants, at the time of the accident, of Armour & Co. The appellant contends that the instructions of the appellee were misleading and erroneous on this point; that some of the instructions used the phrase, “under the control” of appellant, when they should have said “under the special control” of appellant, the argument being, that in view of the facts in this case the jury would be misled by the use of the word “control” without any qualifying adjective, such as “special” or “exclusive.” We do not think the jury were misled by the instructions, as contended. If, however, there be any basis for such a criticism of appellee’s instructions, it is a sufficient answer to say that the word “control” was used in certain of appellant’s given instructions without any qualifying adjective. Appellant cannot complain of an error in instructions for appellee if it has • made the same error in its own instructions. Peirce v. Walters, 164 Ill. 560. The further contention is made that some of the instructions given for appellee singled out and gave undue prominence to the testimony of some of the witnesses and that others assumed certain facts to be true. While there may be foundation for certain of these complaints, we do not think the mistakes were of such a nature as to warrant a reversal of the case. The instructions, taken as a series, fully and fairly instructed the jury, on behalf of appellant, as to all questions presented, and when so taken as a series we do not think the jury could have been misled by the alleged defects urged on behalf of appellant. It is also objected that certain letters written by Armour & Co. to appellant, and by appellant in reply, were improperly admitted. These letters had to do with the fact that in delivering certain cars by appellant in the yard of Armour & Co. an engine had run into two cars ■ on the repair track of Annour &! Co., breaking the doors of the car shop, and it appears that the damage was paid for by appellant. The objection made to these letters is that the injuries occurred in the night time, and that the engine was not in the control of the regular day crew but ■ of a special crew of appellant, with which crew Armour &i Co. had nothing to do. There is nothing on the face of the letters or in the evidence in the record to indicate that the damages were caused in the night time. Furthermore, we think the evidence was proper as tending to show that appellant considered the switching crew it sent into Armour & Co.’s yards its own servants and recognized its liability to pay Armour & Co. for injuries done by such crew. We find no reversible error in the record. The judgment of the Appellate Court will be affirmed. Judgment affirmed.