Alexander v. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center System

OPINION OF THE COURT GREENBERG, Circuit Judge. I. INTRODUCTION A. Facts This matter is before the court on the defendants’ appeal and the plaintiffs’ cross-appeal in this medical malpractice case. Ordinarily, following a jury verdict we set forth the facts from the perspective most favorable to the verdict winner. In this case, however, to the extent that the appeal challenges the verdict, we are affirming and thus we need not follow that practice. On the other hand, we are reversing with respect to the district court’s refusal to charge contributory negligence and thus we set forth the facts in a neutral manner, as the defendants were entitled to that charge if there was any evidence to support it. In February 1992, 17-year old Alyssa Alexander became seriously ill, and her father took her to Wetzel County Hospital in New Martinsville, West Virginia. After only a few hours, Alyssa was transferred to Ohio Valley Medical Center in Wheeling, West Virginia. On February 16, 1992, after four days and no diagnosis, Alyssa’s parents insisted that she be transferred to Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. Shortly after Alyssa was admitted to Children’s Hospital, Dr. Susan Orenstein diagnosed her as having Wilson’s Disease, a rare disorder of the liver that allows excessive amounts of copper to accumulate in various organs. Dr. Orenstein immediately consulted with Dr. Jorge Reyes, head of the liver transplant team at Children’s Hospital. Dr. Reyes opined that a liver transplant was probably the only way to save Alyssa. Dr. Orenstein also consulted with Dr. Israel Scheinberg, a New York expert in Wilson’s Disease. Dr. Schein-berg opined that Alyssa first could receive an alternate treatment to remove copper from the body (chelation), but that her chances of survival on this therapy were only about 25%. Dr. Scheinberg also stated that if Alyssa’s liver function continued to deteriorate on chelation therapy in the first few days, her chances of survival without a transplant were very slim. According to Dr. Orenstein, she relayed all — 144 — this information to the Alexanders. Dr. Reyes also relayed to the Alexanders his belief that a transplant was necessary. In the meantime, Dr. Orenstein initiated the chelation therapy, and Alyssa’s condition stabilized. On February 27, 1992, Dr. Reyes offered Alyssa a liver for transplant and discussed his opinion with her and her parents. Dr. Orenstein testified that she discussed with the family the possibility that another liver might not become available before Alyssa’s condition deteriorated, as well as the option of continuing chelation therapy. Alyssa and her parents decided not to accept the liver for transplant. On March 2, 1992, Dr. Deborah Neigut assumed the primary care of Alyssa. Dr. Neigut saw Mrs. Alexander daily, and often discussed with her and Alyssa the risks and complications of their options. At one point, Mrs. Alexander told Dr. Nei-gut that she did not want Alyssa on the waiting list for a liver, but Dr. Neigut convinced her that it would not be a good idea to take Alyssa off the waiting list. While Alyssa was under Dr. Neigut’s care, Dr. Reyes offered her a second liver on March 17, 1992. At that time, Alyssa’s condition was stable. Dr. Neigut again discussed with the family the two options available, along with the risks and complications of each. The family refused the second liver. Dr. Neigut then consulted with Dr. James Malatack, a pediatrician with experience in treating children with Wilson’s Disease. Dr. Malatack testified that he told Mr. Alexander that the chelation therapy might work but probably would not, and that the family should accept the next available liver for a transplant. Mr. and Mrs. Alexander, however, testified that they did not learn of Dr. Malatack’s recommendation until after Alyssa’s death. From March 25 to March 29 or 30, Dr. Philip Putnam assumed primary care of Alyssa. During those five days, he made no recommendations regarding transplantation, nor did he discuss with the family Alyssa’s chances of survival with or without transplantation. On April 1, Dr. Neigut again resumed primary care of Alyssa. On that date, Dr. Reyes offered a third liver to Alyssa. Dr. Reyes reiterated to the family his opinion that Alyssa should receive a liver transplant. Mrs. Alexander testified that Dr. Neigut recommended that the family turn down the third liver. The family did so. On April 6, Dr. Putnam resumed primary care of Alyssa. The next day, Alyssa had a reaction to a blood transfusion which caused lung injury and sudden systemic detex-ioration. At Dr. Putnam’s recommendation, Alyssa underwent an emergency liver transplant on April 9. She developed respiratory distress syndrome and died on April 21, 1992. B. Procedural Background On January 18,1994, Mr. and Mrs. Alexander, on their own behalf and on behalf of Alyssa’s estate, filed in the district court a complaint setting forth a wrongful death and survival action against the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center System (“UPMCS”), Children’s Hospital, Dr. Or-enstein, Dr. Neigut, and Dr. Putnam. The Alexanders alleged that the three doctors: (1) lacked the knowledge to treat and advise Alyssa; (2) failed to evaluate and interpret the diagnostic information; (3) failed to report information to the family to permit them to make informed choices; (4) misled the family as to Alyssa’s true condition and prognosis; (5) failed to recommend appropriate treatment (transplant); and (6) failed to follow the recommendations of the liver transplant experts. The Alexanders sued Children’s Hospital and the UPMCS as principals of the three doctors. On December 21, 1995, the district court granted the UPMCS’s motion for summary judgment. On April 20, 1998, upon stipulation of the parties, the district court dismissed Children’s Hospital. The case proceeded to a jury trial as to the claims — 145 — against the doctors. The doctors requested that the district court submit the issue of the Alexanders’ contributory negligence to the jury but the district court denied this request. On May 4, 1998, the jury found that each of the three doctors was negligent in advising the Alexanders regarding Alyssa’s treatment, and that the negligence of each doctor was a substantial factor in causing Alyssa’s death. The jury determined that 25% of the negligence was attributable to Dr. Orenstein, 50% was attributable to Dr. Neigut, and 25% was attributable to Dr. Putnam. The jury awarded substantial damages for pain and suffering, medical expenses, funeral expenses, and loss of services. The expenses incurred at Alyssa’s stays at Wetzel County Hospital and Ohio Valley Medical Center, both of which occurred prior to Alyssa’s transfer to Children’s Hospital, were included in the award for medical expenses. On May 8, 1998, the doctors filed a Fed.R.Civ.P. 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law and a Fed.R.Civ.P. 59 motion for a new trial. On May 15, 1998, the district court denied the doctors’ Rule 50 motion, and on July 1, 1998, denied their Rule 59 motion. The doctors filed a timely notice of appeal on July 17. On August 25, 1998, the district court entered a final judgment in favor of the Alexanders, but reduced the amount of medical expenses awarded by $8,943.96, the expenses they incurred at the two hospitals that treated Alyssa before she was transferred to Children’s Hospital. Subsequently, the doctors amended their notice of appeal to include the August 25, 1998 order. The Alexanders filed a timely notice of cross-appeal, contesting the district court’s reduction of damages for medical expenses. II.CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL The doctors on their appeal contend that the Alexanders were guilty of contributory negligence because they rejected livers available to Alyssa during her stay at Children’s Hospital. They also argue that statements by the Alexanders’ counsel during closing argument were prejudicial. If we accept either of these two points, we would remand for a new trial. Dr. Putnam argues that he was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law as he was not involved in Alyssa’s care when the livers were offered. On the cross-appeal, the Alexanders contend that the court erred by reducing the verdict for the medical expenses by $8,943.96 incurred at the two hospitals before she was transferred to Children’s Hospital. III.STANDARDS OF REVIEW To the extent the doctors argue that the district court erred by refusing to submit the issue of contributory negligence to the jury, our review is plenary. See Woodson v. AMF Leisureland Ctrs., Inc., 842 F.2d 699, 701 (3d Cir.1988). Similarly, we exercise plenary review with respect to Dr. Putnam’s argument that the district court erred by denying his Rule 50 motion for a judgment as a matter of law. See Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153, 1166 (3d Cir.1993). Moreover, a motion for judgment as a matter of law should be granted only if viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, no jury could decide in that party’s favor. Id. We also exercise plenary review on the cross-appeal, as the effect of the district court’s action in reducing the verdict was to grant the defendants a judgment as a matter of law with respect to the expenses involved. IV.DISCUSSION A. Contributory Negligence The doctors first argue that the district court erred in refusing to allow the jury to consider whether the Alexanders were contributorily negligent in rejecting Dr. Reyes’ three offers for a liver transplant. The doctors assert that evidence exists from which the jury could have concluded that the Alexanders were informed — 146 — fully and completely of the risks to Alyssa in rejecting these livers and thus were negligent in doing so, and that the Alexanders’ negligence contributed to Alyssa’s death. Thus, the doctors contend they are entitled to a new trial. Under Pennsylvania law, which is applicable here, if there is any evidence of contributory negligence in a medical malpractice case, the court must submit the issue to the jury, even if the evidence to the contrary is strong. Althaus v. Cohen, 710 A.2d 1147, 1157 (Pa.Super.Ct.1998); Pascal v. Carter, 436 Pa.Super. 40, 647 A.2d 231, 233 (1994); Levine v. Rosen, 394 Pa.Super. 178, 575 A.2d 579, 580-81 (1990); see also Ayoub v. Spencer, 550 F.2d 164, 167 (3d Cir.1977) (recognizing Pennsylvania law in submitting issue of contributory negligence to jury). In addition, the plaintiffs negligent conduct must be a proximate cause of her injury; if .there is no evidence of causation between the plaintiffs negligence and her injuries, the trial court properly may refuse to instruct the jury on contributory negligence. Althaus, 710 A.2d at 1157-58. Of course, in Pennsylvania contributory negligence if established will be an aspect of a comparative negligence analysis. See Ferguson v. Panzarella, 549 Pa. 109, 700 A.2d 927, 930 (1997). Here, the district court erred in refusing to submit the question of the Alexanders’ contributory negligence to the jury. We set forth in detail the evidence which leads us to this conclusion. 1.Dr. Reyes’ Testimony Dr. Reyes testified that he told the Alexanders that Alyssa needed a transplant. App. at 513. He testified that he spoke directly to the Alexanders because he was concerned about Alyssa and her family and wanted to make sure they knew “the risks for and against transplantation.” App. at 522. Dr. Reyes testified that he told Alyssa and her parents that “Alyssa had a better chance of recovery with a liver transplant.” App. at 530. He testified that Alyssa and Mrs. Alexander “did not want a liver transplant.” Id. Dr. Reyes testified that he provided the Alexanders with all the appropriate information concerning a transplant, including the risks in transplantation and in refusing transplantation, because he “felt that there was going to be a bad outcome without a transplant,” but that he never directly stated that Alyssa must have a transplant. App. at 534. Dr. Reyes also testified that when Alyssa was in intensive care, Mr. Alexander told him that they (the Alexanders) “had made a mistake and a bad decision” in refusing the livers. App. at 536. 2. Dr. Orenstein’s Testimony Dr. Orenstein testified that she told the Alexanders about the note Dr. Scheinberg (the New York expert in Wilson’s Disease) wrote, in which Dr. Scheinberg opined that survival without a liver transplant was unlikely. App. at 406, 438, 1080. Dr. Oren-stein testified that when the first liver was offered, she and the Alexanders “had a very detailed discussion about the significant risks of deterioration abruptly without being able to get another liver.” App. at 440. Dr. Orenstein remembered specifically communicating the risks involved in rejecting a liver. App. at 1075. She also testified that the Alexanders were “provided with all relevant medical information concerning treatment options and concerning risks, benefits and possible complications, available treatment options,” during the period of time in which Alyssa was under Dr. Orenstein’s care, and that the Alexanders “were very clear about the treatment options.” App. at 446. Dr. Or-enstein testified that although she did not “advocate transplant,” she never advised against it. App. at 1103. 3. Dr. Neigut’s Testimony Dr. Neigut testified that she considered a transplant an option throughout the period when she was Alyssa’s primary care physician, and that the family was aware of that option. App. at 338. Dr. Neigut — 147 — testified that when the second liver was offered, she discussed with Mrs. Alexander and Alyssa the risks and complications of their options. App. at 349-50. She also testified that each time a liver was offered, she discussed several times with Mrs. Alexander and Alyssa the “risks of acute problems developing” if they rejected the liver. App. at 366, 1594. Dr. Neigut testified that Mrs. Alexander said that she wanted to take Alyssa off the waiting list for a liver, but that Dr. Neigut recommended that Alyssa stay on the list. App. at 1617, 1618. Dr. Neigut testified that she never advised against a transplant. App. at 1630, 1646. 4. Dr. Malatack’s Deposition Dr. Malatack (an outside consultant) testified that after he examined Alyssa, he told Mr. Alexander that it was possible that chelation therapy would work, but that he suggested transplantation. App. at 1360, 1364. Dr. Malatack testified that he told Mr. Alexander that they should accept the next available liver. App. at 1371. 5. Mr. Alexander’s Testimony- Mr. Alexander testified that the transplant team told him that Alyssa needed a transplant. App. at 810. Mr. Alexander testified that he wrote in his journal that Dr. Reyes told him that a transplant was probably the only thing that would help Alyssa. App. at 841. Mr. Alexander testified that on a “couple different occasions,” Dr. Reyes told him he wanted to perform transplant surgery. App. at 847, 866, 882. Mr. Alexander testified that Drs. Oren-stein and Neigut told them about the options of transplant and chelation. App. at 843. Mr. Alexander also testified that he made the ultimate decision to reject the first liver. App. at 869-70. He also testified that he, his wife, and Alyssa made the decision to reject the second and third livers. App. at 873-75. 6.Mrs. Alexander’s Testimony Mrs. Alexander testified that the transplant team advocated performing transplant surgery. App. at 899. Mrs. Alexander testified that Dr. Reyes and the transplant team came to Alyssa’s room to check on her “at least a couple of times a week.” App. at 908. Mrs. Alexander testified that Dr. Reyes continually recommended that they accept the next available liver for transplant. App. at 929-30. In particular she said “Well, they always said, you know, she needed the transplant.” Based on this evidence, a jury could have concluded that the Alexanders were negligent in rejecting the three offers for a liver transplant, and that their negligence was a substantial factor in causing Alyssa’s death. While the Alexanders counter that they cannot be negligent for following the negligent advice of the three doctors, they concede that they shared responsibility in the decisionmaking process and, in any event, the record fully supports a conclusion that they did so. Still, they contend that the doctors adduced no independent evidence that they acted negligently. We reject the Alexanders’ contentions because the doctors are correct that evidence exists from which the jury could have concluded that they were informed fully of the risks involved in treating Alyssa through chelation therapy and through transplantation. Clearly, evidence also exists from which the jury could have concluded that the Alexanders’ decisions to reject three offers for a liver transplant substantially contributed to Alyssa’s death. Inasmuch as there was such evidence, the district court erred by refusing to submit the issue of the Alexanders’ contributory negligence to the jury. Thus, a new trial is necessary. In reaching our result we have taken note of Judge Alito’s statement in his dissent that “[t]he negligent advice provided by the defendant physicians was found by the jury to have caused a young woman’s death.” Conc. Op. at 151. Nevertheless, — 148 — Dr. Orenstein pointed out that the one year survival rate following liver transplants was from 65% to 85% and was lower thereafter. App. at 407. Thus, even if the Alexanders had elected the transplant they had no assurance that Alyssa would survive. In the circumstances it is entirely possible that regardless of what the doctors had advised, Alyssa would have died. The unfortunate fact is that the Alexanders did not have a good choice and may have been negligent in making the choice they did. Finally, with respect to contributory negligence, the doctors correctly point out that this case is both a survival and wrongful death action and in a footnote in their brief they address the ramifications of a contributory negligence defense in this situation. Br. at 19 n.6. The Alexanders have not addressed the point in their brief. In the circumstances, we leave the. resolution as to how to deal with the contributory negligence defense to the district court on remand. B. Improper remarks during dosing Alternatively, the doctors argue that counsel for the Alexanders made improper and prejudicial statements during his closing argument that were so blatant that a new trial is warranted. In view of our result, we need not consider this point but we observe that the Alexanders’ attorney was close to, if not over, the edge of what is acceptable. C. Denial of Dr. Putnam’s Rule 50 Motion Dr. Putnam argues that the district court erred in denying his Rule 50 motion for a judgment as a matter of law because he was not negligent, and even if he was negligent, there is no evidence that his negligence was a proximate cause of Alyssa’s injuries and death. In particular, while Dr. Putnam concedes that he was Alyssa’s primary care provider from March 25 through March 29, he correctly points out that no livers became available during those few days. He also correctly notes that no evidence suggests that he ever advised the Alexanders to reject a liver transplant. He alternatively argues that if he was negligent in giving advice during those few days, his negligence was not a factor in causing Alyssa’s death. The Alexanders respond that the evidence shows that at the time Dr. Putnam assumed primary care of Alyssa on March 25, he knew that Dr. Reyes had concluded that a transplant was the only way to save Alyssa. Dr. Putnam also knew that Dr. Reyes already twice had offered Alyssa a liver and that she was still on the waiting list. Dr. Putnam also knew that Drs. Nei-gut and Orenstein were reluctant to make such an assertive recommendation. Additionally, one of the Alexanders’ expert witnesses, Dr. Brewer, testified that in mid-March, a “very, very ominous turn of events” occurred. App. at 571. According to Dr. Brewer, tests in mid-March showed a reduction in the production of certain enzymes, an indicator that Alyssa’s liver was failing and was so damaged that it never would recover. Id. If Dr. Putnam had reviewed Alyssa’s chart properly and recognized these warning signs, the Alexanders argue, he would have recommended transplantation. He did not, and on April 1, the Alexanders rejected the third liver. It is true that Dr. Putnam was no longer Alyssa’s primary care provider on April 1. Nonetheless, the third liver became available just a day or two after his primary care of Alyssa ended. In this regard, the record is unclear whether Dr. Putnam’s primary care of Alyssa ended on March 29 or March 30. Thus, it was reasonable for a jury to conclude that Dr. Putnam was negligent in not informing the Alexanders about Alyssa’s deterioration in mid-March and in not récommending that they accept the next available liver. The evidence suggests that Dr. Putnam’s negligence was less than Dr. Neigut’s or Dr. Orenstein’s, and the Alexanders recognize as much. Nevertheless, record evidence supports — 149 — the jury’s finding that Dr. Putnam was negligent and that his negligence contributed to Alyssa’s death. Thus, the district court did not err in denying his Rule 50 motion for a judgment as a matter of law. D. The Cross-Appeal On cross-appeal, the Alexanders argue that the district court erred by reducing the jury’s award for medical expenses by $8,943.96, the amount of expenses incurred at the two hospitals where Alyssa was taken before being transferred to Children’s Hospital. The Alexanders assert that they should be reimbursed for the expenses incurred at the other two hospitals because the doctors’ negligence rendered those expenses futile. Plainly, this argument lacks merit and requires little discussion. In fact, the Alexanders recognize that they are entitled to “damages that reasonably flow from the tortious act.” Br. at 20. Here, the doctors’ only possible tortious act was failing to recognize and recommend to the Alexanders that a liver transplant was the only way to save Alyssa’s life. Obviously, the medical expenses the Alexanders incurred before Alyssa ever came under the care of these doctors did not reasonably flow from the negligence of these doctors. V. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, to the extent that the doctors, ie., Dr. Putnam, appeal from the order denying the motion for a judgment as a matter of law in its order of May 15, 1998, we will affirm. To the extent that the doctors appeal from the order of July 1, 1998, denying their motion for a new trial, we will reverse. We also will reverse the order of August 25, 1998, entering a final judgment for the Alexanders but will affirm the order to the extent that it denied the Alexanders a recovery of $8,943.96 for expenses before Alyssa was transferred to Children’s Hospital. We will remand the case for a new trial and for such other proceedings as may be appropriate consistent with this opinion. The parties will bear their own costs on this appeal.