Chambers v. Prewitt

Mr. Justice Pleasants delivered the opinion of the Court. In March, 1885, John P. Smith borrowed of George and Hiram Wilson, partners, $22,500, giving his notes therefor and executing a mortgage upon his farm of 770 acres in Sangamon and Morgan counties to secure their payment. Afterward, he became indebted to the Central Illinois Banking and Savings Association (commonly known as the Central Bank) of Jacksonville, on notes and overdrafts, for the payment of which his brothers, James D. and Lloyd B. Smith, were sureties, and which on February 2, 1893, upon an accounting between the parties, were agreed to amount' in all to $34,500. Thereupon, he made his four notes—one for $4,500 at three months, and three for $10,000 each, at six, nine and twelve months, respectively, from that date, with interest at seven per cent., payable to his own order, which he indorsed and delivered to William E. Yeitch as cashier of said bank. In connection with the making and delivery of these notes though at a later date—April 13, 1893—in pursuance of a previous agreement of the parties concerned, James D. and Lloyd B. Smith executed to the bank a separate contract, guaranteeing their payment, and John P. Smith and wife executed to them a second mortgage of his said farm, the material parts of which are as follows: “The mortgagors, John P. Smith and Anna Smith, his wife, mortgage and warrant to James D. Smith and Lloyd B. Smith, to secure the payment of the following described promissory notes, to wit(Here follows a description of the four notes given to the bank as above stated) “ the following described real estate,” (here follows a description of the lands) “all of which above described notes have by the maker, the said John P. Smith, been duly executed, indorsed and delivered to bona fide holders for valuable consideration, and the payment of each and all of which have been, guaranteed to the holders thereof by the said James D. Smith and Lloyd B. Smith, and when each and all of which shall have been duly paid by said John P. Smith, together with any other sums for which said James D. Smith and Lloyd B. Smith or either of them may be liable, either as surety or guarantor of and for the said John P. Smith, the said James D. Smith and Lloyd B. Smith shall and will reconvey the said above described premises to the said John P. Smith or to his heirs or assigns, dated the 13th day of April, A. D. 1893. (Signed) J. P. Smith. [Seal.] Ahha Smith. [Seal.] This mortgage was delivered by the attorney for the bank, who prepared it and the guaranty contract in the latter part of May, 1893, to the mortgagee James D. Smith at his house in Island Grove, Sangamon county, for his firm and by him1 given back to the attorney to be deposited in the bank. Before and when it was delivered the mortgagor was indebted to appellees Pattie S. Prewitt, Annie L. Johnson and Willliam M. Warren, upon his notes held by them respectively, on each of which the mortgagees were sureties; and these notes, together with those given to the bank, constituted the entire amount of his indebtedness. A bill was filed to the November term, 1893, of the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, to foreclose the Wilson mortgage, to which the mortgagors and the second mortgagees, were made parties defendant and duly served with process. While that suit was pending, appellant Chambers and William E. Yeitch, who had been appointed receivers of the bank, obtained leave to be made defendants also and filed with their answer a cross-bill against the complainant and all of the defendants in the original bill. In the latter, as in their answer, they set up the several transactions above stated between John P. Smith, his brothers named and the bank; that none of the notes of said John P. Smith held by the bank had been paid; that the mortgage to his brothers was given especially to secure their payment and had been redelivered by the mortgagees to the bank for that purpose, and that the receivers hold said notes and mortgage as assets of the bank, with authority to institute suits for their collection; and prayed that an account be taken of' the amount due thereon; that they be subrogated to all the rights of said mortgagees; that John P. Smith be required to pay them the amount found due, and that in default thereof the mortgage be foreclosed, the land sold, the equities of the different parties interested determined, and the proceeds of the sale applied to the payment of said four notes in the order of their maturity. The original defendants failed to answer either the original or cross-bill, both of which were therefore taken as confessed by them,, and on final hearing a decree was entered on December 16,1893, finding the amount due on the Wilson mortgage to be as claimed, and declaring it a first lien on the mortgaged premises, and on the cross bill thatthe second mortgage was given for the benefit of the bank, subrogating the receivers to the rights of the mortgagees therein, ascertaining the amount due on the said four no';es, and ordering that the premises be sold and the proceeds applied first, to the satisfaction of the Wilson mortgage, and second, to the payment of the amount found due on the four notes held by the receivers in the order of their maturity. The mortgaged premises were not of value sufficient to pay the mortgage debts. They were not sold under the decree, but the receivers obtained from John P. Smith a deed releasing his equity of redemption in consideration of the surrender to him. of all the claims of the bank against him. At the September term, 1894, the appellees herein—James D. Smith, Lloyd B. Smith, Pattie S. Prewitt, Annie L. Johnson and William M. Warren—exhibited in the Circuit Court of Sangamon County their bill in chancery against John P. Smith, Anna Smith, his. wife, and the receivers named, setting up the two mortgages, the decree upon the bill and cross-bill in the Wilson case, the conveyance from John P. Smith to the receivers, and their possession of the mortgaged premises, alleging that when the second mortgage was executed the complainants, Prewitt, Johnson and Warren, respectively, were creditors of the mortgagor on his notes, upon which the mortgagees were liable as sure, ties, and under said mortgage were entitled to share pro rata with the bank in the proceeds of the mortgaged premises, over and above the amount necessary to satisfy the Wilson decree, and praying that an account be taken of the amounts so due them, respectively, and a decree against John P. Smith for the payment thereof; and that, in default of such payment, the mortgaged lands be sold, and the surplus proceeds, after the payment of Wilson, be applied pro rata to the amounts due to the bank and to said other creditors. The defendant Smith was defaulted, and the bill taken pro oonfesso against him. The receivers answered, contesting the claim of said complainants Prewitt, Johnson and Warren. In the meantime, under a stipulation between the complainants and defendants, part of the lands were sold by the receivers, and certain notes given for the purchase money placed in the hands of Edward. P. Kirby to await the final determination of the suit. The Circuit Court held that the complainants, Prewitt, Johnson and Warren, were entitled to share in the surplus proceeds, and directéd Kirby to collect and pay over to them respectively, pro rata. Veitch having resigned, John J. Chambers was, by order of the court, permitted to prosecute an appeal as receiver alone, and accordingly he brings the record here for review. The contending parties were and are alike creditors of John P. Smith, for whose claims respectively his brothers, James D. and Lloyd B. Smith, were also liable as guarantors or sureties. In view of this contingent liability, and to protect them ultimately against loss by reason of it, as far as he thereby might, he executed to them the mortgage in question. The creditors are seeking to reach this security as a means of satisfying their claims—the receiver, representing the bank, insisting upon priority, and the others upon equality pro rata. It seems to be well settled that whether creditors can so avail of a. mortgage or other security given by a debtor to his surety depends upon the purpose for which it is given. If that be purely personal, as only to indemnify the surety, they can not do so until he is actually damnified, or at least has become absolutely liable for the debts; for they must claim through him by subrogation, and until then he himself has no remedy upon it. Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty (2d Ed.), Yol. 2, See. 326; Ohio Life Ins. Co. v. Reeder, 18 Ohio, 35; Osborn v. Noble, 46 Miss. 449, and cases there cited. But if given for the better security of the debts themselves—as, for their payment by the principal debtor, or to provide the surety with means to pay them in case of his default—then, although the purpose is also to indemnify the surety to the same extent, a trust attaches to the security for the benefit of the creditors indicated, to which the court will give effect. Moses v. Murgatroyd, 1 Johns. Chy. 119; Homer v. Savings Bank, 7 Conn. 484; Osborn v. Noble, supra; Paris v. Hulet, 26 Vt. 308; Eastman v. Foster, 8 Metc. 19; Aldrich v. Blake et al., 134 Mass. 582; Brandt on S. & G., Secs. 282-285. The controversy here is mainly over the construction of the mortgage. For appellant the contention is that it was given as security for the notes held by the Central Bank, and only as indemnity to the sureties on the others, and appellees, admitting the provision for the bank notes, as claimed, insists that the same was made for theirs. Appellant bases his construction upon the terms of the instrument, and the points of expression claimed to show a distinction made between these debts, as summarized by counsel, are the full description of the bank notes only; the express statement that it was given to secure their payment; that they are the first mentioned; the definite statement of the liability of the mortgagees as sureties thereon, and the fact that no other obligations of the mortgagors are mentioned as actually existing. The truth of these recitals is undisputed, but so far as they may seem to distinguish the bank debt in its favor, they are made insignificant by the parol proof which shows that the mortgage was given at the instance of the bank alone, whose claim was more than three times as large as all the others combined; that it was drawn under the direction of its cashier, in the absence of the parties thereto and by its own attorney,- who had its notes and so could describe them fully, and knew by information of the mortgagor that other notes against him were then outstanding, on which his brothers were liable as sureties, but did not know any further particulars, and for that reason only, as he testified, did not put them in. John P. Smith testified that besides the notes involved in this suit there was no paper out against him on which his brothers were sureties. Other parol evidence, the admission of which was objected to, and is assigned for error, was to the effect that for a considerable time before the instrument in question was executed, the cashier and attorney were pressing Smith to make a mortgage directly to the bank to secure its notes, which he persistently refused to do on the sole ground that he was indebted on other paper, also signed by his said brothers as sureties, which he should secure as well, but expressed his willingness to execute such a mortgage as he now under- ' stands this to be; that when it was shown to him by the cashier he made some objection and wanted explanation, for which he was referred to the attorney, who testified that the explanation wanted was of the defeasance, and that Smith asked him “ whether it furnished indemnity and security for all his paper.” He must have known that his answer was understood to be affirmative, for upon it Smith consented to execute the mortgage as it was drawn and now appears. If, and so far as this or any parol evidence tended to vary or contradict the plain meaning of the written instrument, it was not proper to be considered, and there is no presumption that any such was considered by the court. But so far as it tended to identify the subject-matter referred to in general terms in the instrument or by showing the situation, condition and mutual relations of the parties to it makes clear their meaning by the language used, which from it alone might be uncertain, it would be competent. The court, in order the better to understand the instrument in such ■ case will seek to place itself in the situation of the parties. Wilson v. Roots, 119 Ill. 379; Burgess v. Badger, 124 Id. 288; Home National Bank v. Estate of Waterman, 30 Ill. App. 535. The bank was not a party to it, but claimed it had a certain meaning to its advantage. Could it well complain of the court’s knowing and holding as the true construction what the parties themselves alike intended and understood by it, if it was reasonable though not clear from the language itself ? Ibid. But we see nothing uncertain in the terms of the contract. Its meaning seems unmistakable, needing no aid upon any. point from parol evidence, and making no room for construction. With that meaning the testimony objected to is entirely in harmony. The expressions referred to and relied on as favoring the bank’s view of it could not give to that creditor any priority of right over others whose claims are by it placed in the same category, so far as respects the moral obligation, legal liability and actual intention of the mortgagor. The purpose of a mortgage is most certainly manifested by the condition on which it is to become void, for its whole and sole purpose is to secure the performance of that condition. Other parts should be considered in connection with it to assist, if necessary, in the ascertainment of its meaning. But nowhere in the one before us is there a word expressive of a purpose to idemnify the sureties, as distinct from that of securing the debt or addition to it. Though drawn by a learned and able lawyer, it contains no language, technically or commonly employed, to express a contract for indemnity. Certainly the performance of the condition would have indemnified them, and because that effect was certain and palpable, a distinct purpose of the mortgagor to produce, it must be admitted as a necessary implication from the statement of their contingent liability for the debts. Thát implication, however, is just as true of the claims of the bank as of the appellees, and therefore gives no precedence to either. Allowing it all the force of an expressed purpose to indemnify the sureties it would not bar the claim of either of those creditors to share in the proceeds of the security as a cestui que trust, if the mortgage was given to secure the debt also. That it was so given is conclusively shown, by the condition which provided that the mortgaged premises should be reconveyed to the mortgagor, his heirs or assigns, “ when each and all of which ” (being the four notes held by the bank) “ shall have been duly paid by said J. P. Smith” (the mortgagor and principal debtor), “ together with any other sums for which said James D. Smith and Lloyd B. Smith” (the mortgagees and sureties), “ or either of them, may be liable on, either as surety or guarantor of and for the said John P. Smith.” Under the class description naming the principal debtor and sureties, the notes held by appellees could be as easily and certainly identified as if the date, payee, amount, when due, and rate of interest of each, had been added; for it includes, without exception, all debts of the class so described. This condition would be broken by default of the mortgagor in the due payment of any such debt, and the mortgage subject to foreclosure, though the surety had not been damnified, or had been discharged from liability by some statute of limitation, or by an extension of the time of payment by the creditor without consent of the surety, or otherwise, and whether the mortgage was executed when or after the debt was contracted, or the creditor had or had not any knowledge of its existence. The proceeds of the foreclosure sale would be applied in due proportion on the unpaid debt, and such application would be made by the mortgagees, not of their own will, but by force of the mortgage. Thus it is shown by its terms and operation that the mortgage, whatever else may have been an ultimate object, was a provision for the payment alike of all the debts referred to by the mortgagor, or out of his means as far . as they would go, and. that the mortgagees were trustees for the creditors. The notes held by the appellees, respectively, were all given before the mortgage was executed, and matured later than any or some of those held by the bank. Both the attorney and the cashier knew of the existence of some such indebtedness as, for all purposes of security, was linked to the notes it held, by terms as plain as could be used—“ together with ”—and so were put upon inquiry as to its amount and other particulars which would have led to certain and definite information. The bank, therefore, can not justly complain" of any wrong done by giving due effect, in the interest of appellees, to . the instrument prepared by its own representative, and which was, in our opinion, to protect and secure on equal terms, pro rata, all the notes involved in this suit. It is further contended that the decree on the cross-bill in the Wilson case is res adjudicada against appellees Prewitt, Johnson and Warren, though they were not parties to the suit, because they claim under and through James D. and Lloyd B. Smith, who were. But they do not so claim. The relation they sustain to them is not that of privies in estate but of eestuis que trust. Their right is derived directly from the mortgage, and the trustees were powerless by any act or default of their own to release or prejudice it. For the reasons stated the decree will be affirmed.