Rank v. People

Mr. Justice Adams delivered the opinion oí the court. Plaintiff in error was indicted and convicted for a violation of the following section of the Criminal Code, which provides that, “ Whoever, either verbally or by written or printed communication, maliciously threatens to accuse another of a crime or misdemeanor, or to expose or publish any of his in firmities or failings, with intent to extort money, goods, chattels or other valuable thing, or threatens to maim, wound, kill or murder, or to burn or destroy his house or other property, or to accuse another of a crime or misdemeanor, or expose or publish any of his infirmities or failings, though no money, goods, chattels or valuable thing be demanded, shall be fined in a sum not exceeding $500, and imprisoned not exceeding six months.” 1 S. & C. Stat., Ch. 38, Par. 195. The indictment charges as follows: “ Samuel C. Eank, late of the county of Cook, on the first day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, in the said county of Cook and said State of Illinois aforesaid, unlawfully and willfully did then and there, to one John H. Anderson, verbally and maliciously threaten to accuse the said John H. Anderson of a certain misdemeanor, to wit, selling intoxicating liquors without then and there having a legal license to keep a dram-shop, with intent to extort money from the said John H. Anderson,” etc. Motions to quash the indictment, for a new trial, and in arrest of judgment, were made and overruled. Sections 1 and 2 of the dram-shop act are as follows: “ Sec. 1. A dram-shop is a place where spirituous or vinous or malt liquors are retailed by less quantity than one gallon, and intoxicating liquors shall be deemed to include all such liquors within the meaning of this act. “ Sec. 2. Whoever, not having a license to keep a dram-shop, shall by himself or another, either as principal, clerk or servant, directly or indirectly, sell any intoxicating liquor in less quantity than one gallon, or in any quantity to be drunk upon the premises, or in or upon any adjacent room, building, yard, premises or place of public resort, shall be fined,” etc. 2 S. & C. 48, Secs. 1 and 2. It will be observed that there is nothing in the sections quoted prohibiting the sale of liquor in quantities of one gallon or more, unless it is sold to be drank on the premises or in or upon any adjacent room, building, yard, premises or place of public resort, so that intoxicating liquor may be sold, without license to keep a dram-shop, in quantities of a gallon or more, if not sold to be drank on the premises or places mentioned in section 2. The charge in the indictment is that plaintiff in error did threaten to accuse the said John H. Anderson of a certain misdemeanor, “ to wit: Belling intoxicating liquors without then a/nd there having a license to keep a d/ram-shop.” To sell intoxicating liquor in quantities of one gallon or more, not to be drank in such places as are mentioned in section 2, without having a license to keep a dram-shop, is not a misdemeanor, or crime, and therefore plaintiff in error contends that ,no violation of the statute is charged against him in the indictment; that he is merely charged with having threatened to accuse Anderson of doing that which he, Anderson, might lawfully do, viz., selling intoxicating liquors without having a license to keep a dram-shop. Counsel for the people rely on section 408 of the statute, which provides that “ Every indictment or accusation of the grand jury shall be deemed sufficiently technical and correct which states the offense in the terms and language of the statute creating the offense, or so plainly that the nature of the offense may be easily understood by the jury and contends that the indictment in question is sufficient in view of this provision. While it is true that it may be sufficient to state the offense in the terms and language of the statute, yet, whatever the language used, an offense must be stated, and the question here is whether an offense is stated. We can not agree with the contention of counsel for the people that the words in the indictment, “ to wit, selling intoxicating: liquors, without then and there having a legal license to keep a dram -shop,” may be rejected as surplusage, and that a mere averment that plaintiff in error threatened to accuse Anderson of a misdemeanor is sufficient to sustain a conviction. Whether the threat made was a threat to accuse of a misdemeanor is a question of law, to be determined by the court on inspection of the words constituting the threat; what the words were is a question of fact, and it is a fundamental rule, both of civil and criminal pleading, that facts and not conclusions of law must be averred. In every indictment facts must be averred which, in the eye of the law, constitute the crime charged. Archibald’s Cr. Pr. & Pl., 2d Ed., p. 265, par. 85; 1 Bishop on Crim. Procedure, 3d Ed., Secs. 623 to 626; McNair v. The People, 89 Ill. 441; Thompson v. The People, 96 Ib. 158; Williams v. The People, 101 Ib. 382. In McNair v. The People, the indictment was for a violation of Sec. 223 of the Criminal Code, and charged the defendant, in the language of the section, with causing to be printed “ a certain obscene or indecent pamphlet,” with intent to give the same away; the unlawfully having in his possession “ a certain obscene and indecent pamphlet,” and the unlawfully giving awa^y “ a certain obscene and indecent pamphlet.” The court held the indictment insufficient to sustain a conviction, saying : “ While section 408 is broad and comprehensive, a majority of the court are of opinion that, under this section, it was necessary to set out the supposed obscene matter in the indictment, unless the obscene publication is in the hands of the defendant, or out of the power of the prosecution, or the matter is too gross and obscene to be spread on the records of the court, either of which facts, if existing, should be averred in the indictment, as an excuse for failing to set out the obscene matter; that whether obscene or not, is a question of law and not of fact; that the question is for the court to determine, and not for the jury.” The court further say: “ The practice has generally required more than a mere charge, in the language of the statute, that the accused has committed a crime.” Section 273 of the Criminal Code provides: “ Whoever attempts to commit any offense prohibited by law, and does any act toward it, but fails, or is intercepted or prevented in its execution, shall be punished,” etc. In Thompson v. The People, supra, the indictment averred that the defendant, “ the goods and chattels of Aaron Hooney then and there being found, did feloniously attempt to feloniously take, steal and carry away,” etc. The court, after stating that it is indispensable to the crime that some act should be done toward the accomplishment of the intention, say: “If this be so, and of its correctness we entertain no doubt, then to obtain a conviction, the people would be required to prove acts done toward the perpetration of the offense, and not a mere intention. Such acts being necessary to show the crime charged, they should be specifically averred. This is necessary, according to the rules of correct pleading, and to give the accused notice of what he is required to meet on the trial. If the averment of a mere attempt was all that is required, accused could never know what acts would be relied on to prove the attempt, and would be liable to surprise. We are, therefore, clearly of opinion that the acts done by accused toward the commission of the crime of larceny should have been specifically averred, and for the want of such an averment the indictment was bad and should have been quashed.” In Williams v. The People, supra, the court say: “ Indeed, it is an elementary and fundamental principle that every material fact essential to the commission of a crime must be distinctly alleged and clearly proven on the trial, in order to warrant a conviction.” The definition of an offense is one thing; a statement of the particular facts which constitute the offense is another and quite a different thing. In the present case, the statute merely defines the offense in general terms. It does not purport to state specific acts or words which would constitute the offense. It is generic, leaving to the pleader to be specific in his averment of facts. In Johnson v. The People, 113 Ill. 99, the court say: “ It sometimes happens, however, that the language of a statute creating a new offense does not describe the act or acts constituting such offense. In that case, the pleader is bound to set them forth specifically. This elementary rule is laid down in all standard works on criminal law, and is fully recognized by this court. 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, Secs. 164, 372; Kibs v. The People, 81 Ill. 599.” In Prichard v. The People, 149 Ill. 50, it seems to have been urged by counsel for the people, that if the offense was so plainly charged that its nature could be easily understood by the jury, that was sufficient, in respect to which the court say: “ Whether the description of the offense is so plain that its nature could be easily understood by the jury, must depend on whether it is described with at least a reasonable degree of certainty, using the term ‘ certainty ’ in its common law sense.” The indictment was for bigamy, and alleged that the defendant married one Virginia M. Lewis, “ well knowing the said Eliza Ann Ferguson, his former wife, was then alive.” The court held that this was not a sufficient averment that the former wife of the accused was alive; that the rules of pleading required a direct and positive averment that the former wife was living at the time of the second marriage; and the judgment of conviction was reversed. Section 82 of chapter 46 of the statutes, provides: “ Whoever * * * changes a ballot of an elector, with intent to deprive such elector of voting for such person as he intended, * * * shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not exceeding $1,000, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.” In Hunter v. The People, 52 Ill. App. 367, the indictment charged that Hunter, “ at an election being held in the town of Mount Zion, in the county of Macon, for the election of town officers for said town, unlawfully, willfully and deceitfully, did change a certain ballot of one John Tohill, who was then and there an elector of said town, in the county aforesaid, with intent then and there, unlawfully to deprive the said John Tohill, as such elector, of voting for one David C. Davidson, for the office of supervisor of said town of Mount Zion, as he, the said John Tohill, then and there intended, contrary to the form of the statute,” etc. The court, after suggesting numerous ways in which the change of the ballot might have been made, held that it was necessary for the indictment to specif}' the acts of the defendant in the premises, the manner in which he changed the ballot, and the judgment was reversed. The court quotes with approval the following from Wharton on Grim. PI. and Prac.: “ A statute on creating a new offense describes it by its popular name. It is made indictable, for instance, to obtain goods by falsely personating another. But no one would maintain that it is enough to charge the defendant with ‘ falsely personating another.’ So far from this being the case, the indictment would not be good unless it stated the kind of personation, and the person on whom the personation took effect. An act of Congress makes it indictable to ‘make a revolt,’ but under this act it has been held necessary to specify what the revolt is. ‘ Fraud ’ in elections in a Pennsylvania statute is made indictable; but the indictment must state what the fraud is. It is not enough to say that the defendant ‘ attempted an offense,’ though this is all the statute says ; the particulars of the attempt must be given. Mot a qualified voter ’ in a statute must be expanded in the indictment by showing in what the disqualification consists.” In the present case, the specific threat averred, viz., to accuse Anderson of “ selling intoxicating liquors, without then and there having a legal license to keep a dram-shop,” does not describe or charge a misdemeanor, and if these words be rejected as surplusage, leaving the charge that plaintiff in error did unlawfully and maliciously, etc., “ threaten to accuse the said John H. Anderson of a misdemeanor,” the averment is merely of a legal conclusion, and not of a fact, and in view of the authorities cited, facts constituting the crime must be averred. The indictment is clearly bad and insufficient to support the conviction, which being the case, we deem it unnecessary to discuss the evidence. The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.