Slaughter v. Fay

Mr. Justice Horton delivered the opinion of the court. In this case there is but very little, if anjq conflict in the testimony as to any material fact. The two stock certificates delivered by Anderson to appellants were in the name of appellee. There is no question but that the indorsement thereon of the name of the appellee was a forgery. Appellants did not pay Anderson in currency or in checks to his order, but gave him in payment for said certificates their checks payable to the order of appellee. There were four such checks, given at different times, amounting to the sum of $22,137.5(1 During all tho period covering the transactions in question, appellee was absent from Chicago and Anderson attended to all his business there. By the power of attorney which appellee gave to Anderson, the latter was authorized to indorse checks in the name of appellee “for deposit in said Northern Trust Company,” being the bank where appellee made his deposits. Anderson was not authorized to indorse checks payable to the order of appellee for any purpose except to deposit the same in said bank. He could not have used either one of appellants’ checks in any way except to deposit it in that bank to the credit of. appellee. Each and every one of the four checks in question' was payable to the order of appellee by the name C. E. Fay, and had thereon the indorsement, “For deposit, 0. 1ST. Fay.” All of said checks, thus indorsed, were deposited in said bank, and the amount thereof passed to the credit of appellee. Had the name of appellee been forged as indorser upon those checks, the money of appellants could not have been legally obtained thereon, and they would not have been injured thereby. But the indorsement was not a forgery. It was put there by one authorized by appellee to do it, and hence was, in law, the act of appellee himself, as fully as though he had personally performed the physical act of writing his name upon the back of the checks. At the time said checks were given, appellants were not aware of the fact that Anderson held said power of attorney. There were no dealings between appellants and appellee after said power of attorney was given to Anderson, except the transactions in question. Appellants, therefore, had no reason to suppose that Anderson was in a position such that he could embezzle the money represented by said checks, or that such money could be obtained by any one or in any manner except by appellee personalty. Anderson was put in that position by appellee. It was only by reason of the confidence reposed in him, and the authority vested in him by appellee, that Anderson was enabled to steal appellee’s money, or any part thereof. Appellants in no manner authorized Anderson to obtain the money upon said checks. They did nothing, neither- did they omit to do anything which they should have done, in consequence of which Anderson was enabled to obtain the money upon said checks. But for the acts of appellee Anderson could not have secured that money. We are therefore unable to discover any reason, either in law or equity, why appellants should be held to be responsible for the acts of Anderson in causing such money to be placed in bank to the credit of appellee. We need not here discuss, at length, the legal construction or effect of bank checks in the form of those under consideration. They operate as an assignment to the payee of so much of the drawer’s money then in the hands of the bank named in the checks. That money can then be procured only by the direct and. affirmative act of the payee named in the checks. In so far as the drawer of the checks is concerned, it is immaterial whether such act is performed by the payee personally, or by another who is by the payee duly authorized to perform such act. It is immaterial whether appellee indorsed said checks with his own hand or with Anderson’s hand. It was, in law, his act. Taylor v. Taylor, 20 Ill. 650, 652. If the indorsements of the name of appellee upon the checks of appellants were not legal and valid indorsements, then the Northern Trust Company would be liable, either to appellants or to the bank upon which the checks were drawn, for the amount of money it obtained upon such checks. In that event the appellee would be liable to pay to the Trust Company the amount it was thus compelled to pay. It will not, however, be contended but that as between the appellee and the Trust Company, where the checks were deposited, the indorsements were, in law, as valid and binding upon appellee as though made with his own hand. If such indorsements be valid and binding as between appellee and his bank, why are they not equally binding as between appellee and appellants ? If they be, sufficient to effect a transfer of the money from the bank of appellants to the credit of appellee in his bank, why are they not sufficient to protect appellants as against the claim of appellee ? Appellee ought not to be permitted to repudiate the sale of the stock by Anderson to appellants, and at the same time to retain the proceeds of such sale. When the money of appellants was, by the act of appellee, taken from their bank and placed to his credit in his bank, it became his money. Upon the question of legal responsibility, it is a matter of little or no consequence to appellants how, or for what purpose, appellee personally, or by his duly authorized attorney in fact, checked the money out of his bank. But it is contended on behalf of appellee that no part of the money obtained on these checks and deposited to his credit in his bank remained there when he learned of Anderson’s fraudulent conduct—that Anderson had checked it out for his own use—and therefore appellee is not liable therefor. This contention can not be sustained. To support this position, it is urged that Anderson was authorized to draw checks in appellee’s name for appellee’s use and benefit only, and was not authorized to draw such checks for his own use or benefit. That may be correct as between appellee and Anderson. It is not, however, binding as between appellee and appellants, who had no notice of this private understanding. As to the indorsing of checks and other bills receivable, which are made payable to the order of appellee,.the power of attorney authorizes Anderson in these words: “ In my name to indorse checks, drafts, bills of exchange, notes and orders for deposit in said Northern Trust Company.” It thus appears that as to indorsing checks, etc., the power and authority of Anderson is restricted to indorsements for deposit in said Trust Company. He was not empowered to indorse the checks in question for deposit in any other bank or for transfer to any other party. But there is in the power of attorney no restriction or limitation whatever as to the power or authority of Anderson to draw checks, or as to the use he shall make of them, or the purpose for which they shall be drawn, except that they shall be drawn upon said Northern Trust Co. That provision of said power of attorney is as follows : “ I do hereby make, constitute and appoint Chas. E. Anderson to be my true and lawful attorney, for me, and in my name, to draw checks, bills of exchange and drafts, and make orders and overdrafts upon the Northern Trust Company of Chicago.” If the contention be correct that as between appellee and Anderson the latter had no authority to draw checks except for appellee’s personal use or business, and if it be true that t.hig limitation of his authority- extends to and is binding upon third parties, then the Northern Trust Company Bank honored checks drawn by Anderson in the name of appellee, and charged the same to appellee’s account, which it should not have done. If that secret limitation of Anderson’s power is to be enforced, as against appellants, it must be binding upon the bank also. If that be so, then in the eye of the law the money collected on appellants’ checks and placed to the credit of appellee in his bank is still there to his credit, and he should not be permitted to keep the.money after having recovered his stock. This suit is for money had and received. We think the form of action is well chosen. In Taylor v. Taylor (ante), 20 Ill. 650, 653, it is held to be “ the well recognized doctrine that the action for money had and received may be maintained whenever the defendant has obtained money of the plaintiff which in equity and conscience he has no right to retain.” Hall v. Marston, 17 Mass. 575; Pierce v. Crafts, 12 Johns. 90. We need cite no authorities to sustain the statement that appellee is liable to third parties for the acts of Anderson, although wrongful or fraudulent as between them, if such acts are “ -within the scope of his (Anderson’s) authority.” It does not appear that appellants had any occasion to, or that they did, investigate as to Anderson’s authority to indorse the checks they had given. They were prudent and cautious enough to make the checks payable to the order of appellee. No duty rested upon them to follow the checks and see that they were properly indorsed before anv one took them. When the Northern Trust Company took those checks, it did so at its peril as to the validity of the indorsement. The indorsing of the checks in question by Anderson was within the scope of his authority. Appellee, then, should not be permitted to say, “It is true Anderson was my attorney in fact, authorized to indorse my name upon checks payable to my order for deposit in my bank, but that was intended by me to apply only to checks received by him in the proper management of my business, and he willfully perverted the power vested in him to do something more than I designed or intended, and therefore I should not be liable for his acts.” T. W. & W. R. R. Co. v. Harmon, 47 Ill. 298, 308. The case of National Bank of Las Vegas v. Oberne, 121 Ill. 25, is cited by counsel for appellee with the remark that “ this case in its facts, is absolutely parallel to the case at bar.” We do not so read it. In that case the precise authority of the agent does not appear. From the statements in the opinion of the court and the arguments of counsel, we understand the facts to be that Thomas Davis was at Las Vegas the agent of Oberne & Co., a Chicago firm; that when Davis made purchases there for that firm, he drew drafts on them and deposited the same in the appellant bank; that the amount of such drafts were by'the bank passed to the credit of the firm; that Davis was authorized to check out of the bank only the amount or proceeds of the drafts thus drawn and deposited by him, and that he had no authority to bind Oberne & Co. by indorsement or guaranty. Davis applied to the bank to discount a promissory note which he had taken for money loaned and which was made payable to the oi’der of Oberne & Co. The cashier of the bank wrote on the back of the note an indorsement and guaranty. To that was signed the name of Oberne’s firm by said Davis, and the amount of the note was passed to the credit of the firm. The whole amount was afterward checked out upon checks signed “Oberne, Hosick & Co., per Thomas Davis.” A portion of those checks were given in payment for purchases made by Davis for said firm, and a portion were for Davis’ personal use. The note not being paid, the Las Vegas ' bank sued Oberne & Co. upon said guaranty indorsed upon said note.- The holding by the Supreme Court was that Oberne & Co. were liable for that portion of the proceeds of said note which was checked out and paid by Davis for stock purchased by him and shipped to said firm, but were not liable for the portion checked out by Davis for his own use. The Oberne case was a proceeding by the bank against the depositor. To make the case at bar parallel with that case as to parties, it should have been brought by the ¡Northern Trust Company against Fay, the appellee. The maker of the note which Davis had guaranteed in the Oberne case did not pay the note. Suppose the bank upon which the appellants’ checks were drawn had declined to pay them, and the ¡Northern Trust Company had sued appellee for the amount of same, which had been passed to" his credit and. checked out by Anderson. That would have made a case nearly or quite parallel to the Oberne case. But surely it will not be contended that in the supposed case appellee could successfully interpose the objection that Anderson was not authorized to make the indorsements which were made upon the checks in question and deposit the same to appellee’s credit. The defense in the Oberne case was not based upon the fact that Davis had checked the money out improperly, but upon the fact that he had no authority to guarantee the note. The Oberne case is not parallel to or decisive of the case at bar, as is so strenuously and repeatedly urged. Neither is the position of appellee tenable that “ It was Slaughter, and not Fay, who put it into the power of Anderson to steal this money.” It was by reason of the authority given by Fay to Anderson by the power of attorney that the latter was able to get the money into the bank to the credit of Fay. It was by reason of the same authority conferred in the same manner that Anderson could check the money out of the bank and steal it. If Anderson had not been vested with this authority by Fay, he could not have secured the control of the money called for by appellants’ checks in any way which would have been binding upon appellants. We are of opinion, as stated by counsel for appellants, that “ the fact that appellee did not have appellants’ money in his possession and control when this suit was brought, because, after it came to his possession and control, it was drawn out by Anderson acting under a power of attorney, of whose existence appellants were ignorant, is no defense to this action.” Each partner is an agent of his firm and of the other members of the firm, in the matter of the firm business. Anderson was the agent of appellee. The principal is bound by the acts of the agent, within the scope of his authority, in one case as much as in the other. The case of Marsh v. Keating, 2 Clark & Fin. 250, arose out of the notorious Fauntleroy forgeries in London in 1819. The report of the case is quite voluminous, and it is a leading case. It appears that one Fauntleroy, a member of the firm of Harsh & Co., bankers, forged a power of attorney to the firm from one of its customers named Ann Keating, by virtue of which he transferred £9,000 of annuities registered in the name of Hrs. Keating at the bank of England, and sold the same through a broker. The firm kept a bank account with Hartin, Stone & Co., and the broker deposited the net proceeds of the sale of the annuities with this banking house to the credit of Harsh & Co. The money Avas then drawn out by Fauntleroy on checks signed by him with the firm name, and was converted to his own use. The firm of Harsh & Co. consisted of four members, neither of whom, except Fauntleroy, kneAv of his transactions, and they were not entered upon the books of the firm, neither did the firm receive any benefit from the transactions. The question in the case was Avhether Ann Keating could maintain an action for. money had and received against the firm of Harsh & Go. Held, that the action could be maintained. The House of Lords, by Hr. Justice Park, said (p. 289): “ Fauntleroy, one of the partners, deceived the others by preventing the money from being ultimately brought to the account of the house; but as betAveen them and the person by the sale of whose stock it was produced, we think the fraud of their partner, Fauntleroy, in the subsequent appropriation of the money, affords no.answer after it had once been in their poAver.” The same question was involved in the case In re Ketchum, 1 Fed. Rep. 815. In that case it appears that the firm of Ketchum & Belknap was engaged as brokers in buying and selling stocks for customers. Belknap was intrusted individually for safe keeping with large amounts oi stocks and securities belonging to Homs, kept in a tin box, of which he retained the key. Horris, the owner of the stocks and securities, kept a deposit account in a bank, and Belknap had a power of attorney from him to check upon this account, but had no authority to draw money, except for the proper use and benefit of Morris, and no authority to use or dispose of the stocks and securities except by the order of Morris. Belknap drew checks against the bank account, and deposited the checks to the credit of his firm, without the knowledge of his partner, and sold and disposed of some of the stocks and securities, and deposited the proceeds in the bank to the credit of his firm, and used other stocks and securities by hypothecating them for loans to his firm. The firm failed and went into bankruptcy, and the case arose upon the right of the defrauded party, Morris, to prove his claims against the bankrupt estate of his firm. It was objected that the claims could not be proved, because the fraudulent acts of Belknap, done without the knowledge of his partner, could not bind the firm, and that the firm received no benefit from the transactions, because Belknap drew out, for his personal uses, the moneys deposited to the credit of the firm. The court (Choate, J.) said (p. 831, et seq.) “ The case of Marsh v. Keating can not, I think, be distinguished in principle from the present case. * * * That case discloses that the plaintiff was a customer of the defendants’ firm, but the liability of the-defendants is not rested at all. on any fiduciary relation between the firm and the plaintiff, as respects her stocks, but wholly, as it seems, on the receipt of her money. * * * The point made by the opposing creditors, that F. M. Ketchum, or the firm, is not liable, because Belknap, after the deposit of these moneys, drew out all or some of them for his own personal uses, is untenable. If, by the receipt of the money, the firm was made chargeable with it, it is no answer that the firm was afterward robbed of it or a part of it; much less that a member of the firm, being authorized to draw checks on the firm’s bank account, abused that authority by drawing for purposes not authorized by the agreement between the partners.” Counsel for appellants requested the trial court to give to the jury several instructions, but the court refused to pass upon said instructions, and refused to give them or either of them to the jury, and instructed the jury that appellants were not entitled to recover, and to find a verdict for the appellee. The second and third of said instructions are as follows, viz.: 2. “ If the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant’s bank account was permanently benefited by the money obtained by Anderson from the plaintiffs, they will find and render a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs and against the defendant for the amount of such benefit as found by them from the evidence.” 3. “ If the jury believe from the evidence that Anderson, claiming to actas the agent of the defendant, obtained money from the plaintiffs upon the sale or pledge of the shares of stock in the Chicago Edison Company mentioned in the evidence, with indorsements of said defendant upon their back, which indorsements had been previously forged by said Anderson, and that said Anderson used portions of such moneys so obtained to replace moneys previously embezzled by him from said defendant, and the balance of such moneys or some portions thereof for the use and benefit of said Fay in his legitimate business, then the jury are instructed that said defendant is liable to said plaintiffs in this action for so much of such moneys as were used by said Anderson to replace money previously embezzled by him from said defendant, and also for so much of the balance thereof as was used by said Anderson for the use and benefit of said defendant in his legitimate business.” There is testimony tending to show, and which it is contended by appellants conclusively establishes, that a portion of the money collected upon the checks given by appellants was paid and used for appellee’s benefit and to pay his debts. If it be true that a portion of that money was so used, then appellants were entitled to recover the same from appellee, because it was so used, without regard to the question of whether it came rightfully into the bank to the credit of appellee. See the Oberne case, ante (121 Ill. 25). The jury should have been instructed upon this point and should have been permitted to determine what the facts are in that regard. But we prefer to place our decision upon the main question that it was error to instruct the jury that appellants are not entitled to recover, and to direct them to find a verdict for the appellee. The judgment of the Superior Court is reversed and the cause remanded.