Merchants' Life Ass'n v. Treat

Mr. Justice Sears delivered the opinion of the court. It is contended by the learned counsel for appellant that the judgment should be reversed upon the following grounds: First, because it does not appear that appellees had any insurable interest in the life of Helliwell; second, because the court erred in rulings upon the admission of evidence; third, because under the terms of the contract of insurance, no suit could be maintained upon the policy unless such suit was begun within one year from the time" of the death of the assured; and fourth, because there was evidence tending to establish the theory of defense, viz., that Helliwell had committed suicide; that such evidence should have been submitted to the jury, and that it was error to exclude it and to peremptorily direct a verdict for the appellees. We are of opinion that the first contention of appellant, viz., that the judgment should be reversed because it is not affirmatively shown that appellees had an insurable interest in the life of Helliwell, can not be sustained. The stipulation of the litigants upon the trial admitted that appellees had established & prima, facie case. This admitted as well that they had an insurable interest in the life of Helliwell, so far zs, prima facie showing was concerned, as any other fact material and necessary to a recovery. It did not, of course, preclude appellant from overcoming that prima facie showing, but it left the burden upon appellant to do it, and it was not done. It is urged that the trial court erred in excluding testimony of Cross as to what the daughter of Helliwell had told him regarding the finding of the revolver. The daughter of Helliwell told Cross where to find the revolver, viz., behind some boxes or cases. She was not produced as a witness. Cross wTas permitted to testify that she told him where to find the revolver, but was not permitted to testify to the remainder of her conversation, i. e., to give all of her statement as to how the revolver came to be there. The evidence was of great importance. If she had found the revolver, owned by the deceased, lying at his hand when she first discovered the body, it would support most strongly the other facts tending to establish a suicide; while if the revolver was first discovered by her at a distance from the body, and so located as to preclude the possibility of the deceased having placed it there after he was mortally wounded, it would support the theory of the appellees that he came to his death in a manner other than by suicide. In general the evidence would be clearly incompetent, for it would be hearsay only. But it is said that after a part of the conversation between Cross and the daughter of deceased relative to the location of the revolver had been admitted, the remainder of that conversation became competent. If the part of her statement to Cross which was admitted, had been presented in evidence by appellees, the contention would at least demand consideration; but inasmuch as it was introduced by the appellant, such introduction and its admission afford no ground for admitting more of hearsay evidence when objected to, as it was here objected to by appellees. We are of opinion that the exclusion of this evidence was proper. The court was clearly right in excluding evidence proffered to show that there was no attempt made to apprehend any supposed murderer of the deceased. Such an inquiry would open investigation upon lines too remote to be material and competent upon the issues of fact presented. There was no error in excluding the proffered testimony of Dr. .Matthews, whose opinion was asked as to whether the wound was accidentally inflicted. It was competent for the expert to give his opinion, as he did, as to the proximity of the pistol to the head of the deceased, judging from the powder marks, and the angle at which the pistol was held, judging from the course of the bullet, but from these facts and opinions it was for the jury, not for the expert, to draw the conclusion as to accident or suicide. A much more serious question is presented in the exclusion of part of the deposition of Stelling, the agent of the appellant, who solicited and obtained the insurance in question. It was proposed to show by him that Helliwell, immediately after signing the application for the policy sued upon, and before the policy was issued, followed Stelling out into the hallway of the building where the application was signed, and then and there asked Stelling if the company paid losses on suicides, and upon receiving a negative answer, said something about canceling his application. It is contended that this evidence should have been admitted as material and competent upon the issue of the alleged suicide of the deceased. The question is one of first impression in the courts of review of Illinois. There are decisions in cases where the admissions of the assured are sought to be used in suits brought by beneficiaries, but they are for the most part admissions as to condition of health, and so related to the application for insurance and the medical examination as to be held part of the res gestee. Schwartz v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co., 91 Ill. App. 494. Upon this precise question of the admissibility of statements of the assured, made before the issuing of the policy, and tending to establish that the assured took the insurance in anticipation of committing suicide, we are able to find but one authority, viz., Smith v. The National Benefit Society, 123 N. Y. 85. In that case the New York court held that it was not error to admit evidence of statements of the assured made about the time of the procuring of the insurance, to the effect that if he failed to raise funds he would commit suicide. It was also permitted in that case to prove that the assured was insolvent when the policy was taken, and that he had made .inquiries as to the easiest mode of causing death. This evidence was held to be competent upon the ground that the defense of the company amounted to a charge of a fraudulent scheme by which the assured undertook to obtain insurance upon his life and then kill himself. It was held that these various declarations made before the taking of the policy in question, when no one save the assured was in interest in the matter, tended to establish the fraudulent undertaking and were properly a part of the res gestee. The court said: “ It is thus not difficult to decide that the proof of applications by Tyler to thirty-six different insurance companies, by which he secured $282,000 of insurance upon his life, and his letters and telegrams to relatives and friends written and sent as steps or agencies in the consummation of his purpose, and indicating, a sane and deliberate intent to consummate the fraud, which for more than a year had been in preparation, by a final act of suicide, were all admissible. But some of the evidence was more remote and approached so near to the outside boundaries of the res gestes as to require a specific and particular examination. The defendant was allowed to prove by Henry A. Bowen that, in the summer of 1885, he went, at the request of Tyler, to the latter’s friends to raise money for him; that he failed to accomplish the purpose; that, on his return, he had a conversation with Tyler in which he informed him of that failure, in reply to which Tyler said he was a man who must have money, and if he couldn’t raise it he would commit suicide. This was a few months before the process of insuring began, and tended to show two things, both of which were pertinent to the issue. It indicated an existing motive for the fraud in the want of money and the failure to obtain it, and the origin and occasion of the alleged suicidal intent. The declaration accompanied and characterized an act which was itself admissible in evidence, for that act indicated the then desperate character of Tyler’s financial situation, and the declaration explained the operation and effect of the fact upon his mind, its force and strength as a motive to the fraud, and the presence of a thought or contemplation of suicide in a contingency which did in fact occur. The evidence serves to indicate the origin and motive of the alleged suicidal intent, which grew to be the effective agency of the fraud. In the same connection the witness was permitted to detail inquiries which Tyler made of Lutkin as to the easiest mode of producing death. These inquiries were rather acts than declarations, and show the assured in thé process of acquiring information to effect easily and swiftly the destruction of his own life. Similar testimony of an intent to commit suicide rather than endure poverty or hard labor, was given by the witness Trested, but in connection with inquiries about insurance and with an endeavor to get into a benefit society connected with the hat trade. The witness added Tyler’s declaration that he intended to put a large insurance upon his life and make the boys happy. These acts and declarations all occurred before the plaintiff took his policy as collateral, and when they affected no one but Tyler himself. They tended to show the origin and progress of the fraudulent intent, the manner of its growth and the motive from which it sprung. They indicate a sane and deliberate purpose, moving steadily to its result, and constitute a part of the history of the fraud. They were contemporaneous witli the fraud in its formative stages; they accompanied Tyler’s •efforts to raise money, which failed, and to procure an insurance upon his life which he knew he could not continuously maintain. They show the motive of the fraud and mark its progress, and harmonize so completely with all which afterward occurred as to constitute, with that, elements of the single transaction, the fraudulent conduct which raised the issue presented by the defense. And so I think the proof came fairly within the rule relating to res gestee, and did not transcend its limits.” We find a decision holding that statements by the assured, indicating that he contemplated suicide, made after the issuing of the policy, are not competent in a suit by the beneficiaries. Jenkin v. Pacific M. L. Ins. Co., 63 Pac. Rep. 180. This decision cites and relies upon many cases in which it has been held that statements by the assured as to condition of health made after the issuing of the policy, are not competent in a suit by the beneficiary. But no one of these cases goes to the point which is made controlling in the Hew York case, viz., that these admissions, made before the policy is issued, when the assured alone is in interest as a contracting party with the insurance company, and tending to show a fraudulent scheme upon the part of the assured in the taking out of the policy, are competent because they are so closely interwoven with and a part of the fraudulent transaction as to be res gestm. The- reasoning of the Hew York decision is logical and it appeals to the understanding. In the absence of any authority of this State precisely in point, and upon this authority, as well as upon first impression, we hold that the evidence was competent and should have been admitted. It is urged that the evidence upon the issue of suicide was sufficient in support of appellant’s contention to warrant the submission of it to the jury. We are of opinion that this contention is sound. The assured was found dead in a stall in a barn in the rear of his house. His death was caused by a bullet wound in the head. The evidence tended strongly to show that the bullet which caused his death had been discharged from a revolver belonging to the deceased, and that the revolver had been held close to his head when fired. This revolver was found by one of the witnesses some ten feet distant from the dead body and behind or between some boxes. A daughter of the deceased pointed out the place where the revolver was found. She was not called as a witness. All these facts tended, in some degree, to establish that the deceased had killed himself, and a verdict of the jury to that effect could not be said to be wanting sufficient support in the evidence. Therefore, we are of opinion that if the plaintiffs below, appellees here, were entitled to have their case submitted to the jury at all, the defendant, appellant here, was also entitled to a submission to the jury of this evidence supporting its theory of suicide. But the further question is presented for our determination, viz., were appellees, under all the evidence, entitled to a recovery at all, and should the learned trial court not have peremptorily directed a verdict for the defendant below instead of directing a verdict for the plaintiffs there. It is urged, on behalf of the appellant, that inasmuch as the application for insurance, signed by the assured, provided that no action at law or suit in equity should be maintained or recovery, had on the policy unless such action or suit be commenced within one year from the date of the death of the assured, and inasmuch as it is established beyond controversy that this suit was begun after the lapse of one year from the death of Hr. Helliwell, therefore by the very terms of the policy the plaintiffs could not recover. We are of opinion that this contention must be sustained. By the terms of the contract of insurance, the application is made a part of such contract. Its provisions are, therefore, to be given their due weight in a construction of the contract. Those provisions are a part of the contract and binding upon the beneficiaries. 1 Joyce on Insurance, 190-196; The Commercial Hut. Accident Co. v. Bates, 176 Ill. 194. In the case cited our Supreme Court said: “ Where a written application is required to be signed by the assured, and is so signed, and a policy of insurance is issued upon the application, as was the case here, the application and the policy constitute a written contract by and between the assured and the insurance company, and where a controversy arises in regard to what the contract is between the parties, that controversy must be determined by the application or the policy.” Insurance companies have the right to insert such provisions limiting the time within which a suit may be brought to recover upon a policy, and such provisions are enforceable for the protection of the company when made a part of the contract. The P. M. & F. Ins. Co. v. Whitehall, 25 Ill. 466; Andes Ins. Co. v. Fish, 71 Ill. 620; Illinois L. S. Ins. Co. v. Baker, 153 Ill. 240. It is insisted by the learned counsel for the appellees, that this provision limiting the time within which a suit might be brought, is merely a promise or undertaking, on the part of the assured, and is not binding upon the beneficiaries. We are of opinion, however, that this provision is a part of the contract of insurance, and that it in effect imposes a valid limitation upon that contract. Counsel also contend that there are two papers called “ applications,” which were signed by the assured, and that the other and not this application, containing the provision as to limitation of time for bringing suit, should be construed as the application which is made by the terms of the policy a part of the contract of insurance. To this contention we can not assent. The policy reads : “ In consideration of the first annual premium of one hundred and four dollars and — cents, the written and printed application for this policy, which is hereby made a part of this contract, and the payment of premium,” etc., the appellant company promises to pay, etc. . There are two written or partly written and partly printed documents, each marked “Application for Insurance.” The first consists mainly of questions and answers by the assured as to condition of health, family history, etc., and is accompanied by a certificate by the medical examiner of the appellant company. The second relates to age, occupation, other insurance carried by the assured, etc., and it is in this paper, marked “Application for Insurance,” that the provision is contained to the effect that no suit shall be maintained on the policy unless begun within one year from the death of the assured. This application begins" as follows: “ Desiring a policy of insurance in the Merchants’ Life Association of the United States, I make the following answers and agreement the basis of the policy contract with me.” Each of these papers, called “application,” was signed by Helliwell. It is difficult to see how it could possibly be held that this document entitled “Application for Insurance,” and containing the specific agreement that it is the basis of the policy contract, and referred to in the policy as a part of the consideration for the issuing of it, can be held to be other than a valid part of the contract of insurance. By its terms this suit, begun after the lapse of a year from the date of Helliwell’s death, is barred. The insurance company had the legal right to thus limit its liability. Under the clear and unequivocal limitation, this suit can not be maintained. Therefore,.the appellees had no right of recovery, and the learned trial court should have directed a verdict for appellant. The judgment is reversed.