City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Co. of Philadelphia v. Lee

Mr. Presiding Justioe Ball delivered the opinion of the court. The first contention of plaintiff in error is that the trial court erred in refusing to give to the jury the three instructions which it tendered. These instructions in varying forms told the jury that if they found the defendant was induced to sign the bond by reason of the answer of “ Eighty-five dollars per month,” to the question as to the amount of salary or commission to be paid Morrow, that such answer was false, and the defendant did not know that it was false at the time it issued the bond, then they should find for the defendant. It will be noted that the question is: “ State the amount of salary or commission to be paid applicant,” and that the answer is, “ Eighty-five dollars per month.” The undisputed evidence is that Morrow was receiving a salary of $10 per -week, which amounted to the sum of $42.85 per month; the rent of a flat for the agreed price of $20 per month, and two and one-half per cent upon collections which aggregated $1,000 per month, thus making bis commissions $25 per month. The total of these sums is -$87.85, which exceeds the amount stated in the answer. Under the question asked and answered, the compensation for the services of Morrow might have been payable all in cash or all in commissions. That it was to be paid part in cash, part in rents and part in commissions, we think is wholly immaterial. What the company sought to learn was the amount of his compensation. This is clearly shown bv the next question : “Is such compensation subject to any deduction?” We think the question was fully, fairly and truthfully answered. In the refusing of these instructions the learned trial judge committed no error. The second contention of the plaintiff in error is, that no liability exists upon its part, unless the misconduct of Morrow amounted to larceny or embezzlement. The bond guarantees against loss “ sustained by the employer by or through the dishonesty or any act of fraud of the employe amounting to larceny or embezzlement, in connection with the duties,” etc. The trial judge ruled, in effect, that the phrase “amounting to larceny or embezzlement,” did not qualify the word “ dishonesty,” and hence that the company was liable for any financial loss sustained by the defendant in error through the dishonesty of Morrow, and also for any loss sustained through any act of fraud on his part amounting to larceny or embezzlement. The contention of the company is that the dishonesty, as well as the fraud, must amount to larceny or embezzlement, before liability arises. Such a phrase as the one in question is ordinarily to be confined to the last antecedent, unless there is something in the subject-matter which requires a different construction. This rule of grammar has been adopted and enforced in the law from an early period. Unless following this grammatical construction will obviously pervert the plain intention of the parties to this contract, it is our duty to adhere to it. Zimmerman v. Willard, 114 Ill. 364; Dear-born v. Inhabitants of Brookline, 97 Mass. 466; Cushing v. Worrick, 9 Gray, 382; State v. Jernigan, 3 Murphey (N. C.), 18. It was undoubtedly the intention of the defendant in error to protect himself from financial loss sustained by or through the wrongful acts of his employe, Morrow, whether such loss arose from the mere dishonesty of Morrow or from an act of fraud upon the part of Morrow amounting to larceny or embezzlement. He was not concerned in the classification of the wrongful act after it was committed, but by paying for and taking out this bond he was endeavoring to shield himself from the financial disasters that might follow their commission. If he had been told that the bond did not cover any act of dishonesty that did not amount to larceny or embezzlement, he might have replied, “ I do not know what is larceny or embezzlement as applied to the dishonest acts of an employe situate as is Morrow.” And if in search of light upon this question, he had advised with all the counsel in this case, he would have been more in the dark after the conference than he originally was. It must be presumed that the company intended to assume some liability. It prepared this bond, and the rule that equivocal expressions contained therein which would narrow the field of its obligations are to be construed more strongly against the company, is so familiar to the profession that it does not need the' citation of authorities to support it. We are of the opinion that the company has given this construction in the body of the bond, where it says : “ It being the intention of this bond that the company shall be responsible to the employer only for the dishonesty or fraudulent acts of the employe within the said specified term.” Here again is the use of the disjunctive “or” between the word “ dishonesty ” and the words “ fraudulent acts,” thus strengthening us in the opinion that the phrase “ amounting to larceny or embezzlement ” does not limit the word “ dishonesty.” In interpreting the words of the bond the trial judge followed the usual rule of construction. The effect of a different interpretation would be to emasculate this bond. It would secure nothing to the defendant in error, nor would it place the company under any liability to him for any act Morrow could commit. Surely such a construction was not in the minds of the parties when this bond was paid for and delivered, and, as we are not driven to that position by its language, we can not so find. The third contention of plaintiff in error is that the conduct of Morrow does not amount to larceny or embezzlement because there was no felonious taking; that a person who by virtue of his agency receives money of his employer, out of which he is entitled to a commission, is not guilty of embezzlement in appropriating the whole money to his own use. Embezzlement is not a common law crime. Its origin ahd its existence are wholly statutory. Rev. Stat., Chap. 38, Sec. 75, is as follows: “ If any officer, agent, clerk or servant of any incorporated company, or if a clerk, agent, servant or apprentice of any person or copartnership or society, embezzles or fraudulently converts to his own use, or takes and secretes, with intent so to do, without the consent of his company, employer or master, any property of such company, employer, master or another, which has come to his possession, or is under his care by virtue of such office or employment, he shall be deemed guilty of larceny.” Upon like or similar sections in other states there are many and conflicting decisions. So far as our Supreme Court is concerned, we do not find that this precise point has been passed upon. But the correct rule, as we think, is laid down in 10 Am. & Eng. Ency. 1005 (2d Ed.), in the following words: “ Collecting agents on commission, who follow that as an independent business, can not commit embezzlement of the moneys so collected. But where one, not engaged in collecting for others as a business, is employed as agent to collect for. his employer, he is an agent within the statute and may be indicted for embezzlement.” The citation is supported by Clark v. Com., 97 Ky. 76; Campbell v. State, 35 Ohio St. 70; Com. v. Libbey, 11 Metc. 65; (see the restatement of this case in Com. v. Moore, 166 Mass. 516). 2 Arch. Crim. Pr. & Pl., *450 (8th Ed.), reads : “ And it is not material whether the servant be paid by certain wages, or by a percentage on the receipts, or by a share of the profits arising from his labor; ” citing Rex v. Hartley, Russ. & Ry. 139; Rex v. Carr, Ibid. 198; Rex v. Ward, Gow. 168. But if the matter were otherwise doubtful, our statute seems to decide it. The section quoted says that if the servant fraudulently converts to his own use “ any property of such employer * * * he shall be deemed guilty of larceny.” Should it be admitted that 2J per cent of the moneys collected by Morrow belonged to him, it can not be denied that the remaining 97£ per cent of such moneys belonged to his employer. We are inclined to hold that when he absconded with the entire sum he was guilty of the crime of larceny or embezzlement. The judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.