City of Chicago v. Gilmore

Mr. Justice Bbowk delivered the opinion of the court. In this case the demurrer to the Statute of Limitations of two years should have been overruled. A new cause of action was introduced by the amendment of the declaration on October 5, 1904, and it was a personal injury sustained in 1901. The defendant by the declaration before it was amended was charged with having the duty to maintain in reasonably safe condition a public sidewalk on the north side of Thirty-eighth street near the intersection of Princeton avenue and Thirty-eighth street, and between Princeton avenue and Shields avenue in Chicago, with having neglected that duty, in consequence of which the plaintiff had her leg caught in that sidewalk and was injured. This was the purport of both counts. After the amendment a different duty was alleged as binding the defendant. It was to maintain in reasonably safe condition a public sidewalk on the north side of Thirty-eighth street, near the intersection of Stewart avenue and Thirty-eighth street and between Stewart avenue and Shields avenue in Chicago. It was after the amendment this duty the defendant was charged with neglecting and through this sidewalk that the defendant was alleged to have fallen. Unless these descriptions of the sidewalk in question are tantamount to each other, we cannot see how these are not two distinct causes of action. A recovery on the original declaration would not bar the cause of action set up in the amended one, nor would the same evidence support both declarations. The duty of the defendant is different, its neglect is different, the very accident itself is different. To fall through a defective sidewalk in Chicago in one place is not to fall through a defective sidewalk at another place. The appellee urges that the amendment made no new cause of action, because the testimony showed that there is in no intersection of Princeton avenue and Thirty-eighth street and no sidewalk between Princeton avenue and Shields avenue on the north side of Thirty-eighth street. That is immaterial. The plaintiff charged explicitly that there was such a sidewalk, that it was the city’s duty to keep it in good condition, and that by reason of a neglect of that duty the plaintiff was injured. If the city could have shown there was no sidewalk there, it would have been a good defense for it to that action. Its being charged in that action with neglecting to keep up a non-existent sidewalk certainly ought not to put upon it, in order to make a defense, preparation of proof that no existent sidewalk in the city was defective. It might be possible for “the north side of 38th street between Princeton and Shields avenues near the intersection of Princeton .avenue and 38th street” to he also “the north side of 38th street between Stewart and Shields avenue and near the intersection of Stewart avenue and 38th street.” But without evidence it could not be so considered on. the demurrer to the Statute of Limitations, and the demurrer should have been overruled, leaving to the plaintiff, if so advised, to reply to the plea, and aver in some form the identity of the description in the amended declaration with that in the original one. The evidence in this case on the trial as a matter of fact showed that the descriptions were not identical, hut of entirely distinct places. Princeton avenue is a block east of Shields avenue, and Shields avenue a block east of Stewart avenue, and all three run north and south. Thirty-eighth street runs east and west at right angles with them. It would seem that neither Princeton nor Shields avenue ran through Thirty-eighth street- at the time of the accident, but either Shields avenue alone or both Shields and Princeton avenues run into it. The material matter is that the north side of Thirty-eighth street between Princeton and Shields avenues cannot he the north side of Thirty-eighth street between Shields avenue and Stewart avenue, Princeton avenue being east and Stewart avenue west of Shields avenue. Appellee also insists that the amendment did not set out a new cause of action, because the place in' which the accident occurred is immaterial. It is argued that the place having been averred inaccurately, the proof would have made a variance had the amendment not been made, but as the particular description of the place or locas in quo is surplusage and immaterial, an amendment may be made at. any time before trial and the variance thus avoided without stating a new cause of action. The "locus in quo ” it is urged, is only essential in actions for damages to real estate and never in actions for personal injuries which are transitory. To justify this contention appellee cites Chicago City Railway v. McMeen, 206 Ill., 108, where the distinction between the question whether the facts proved under an amendment are at variance with the allegations of an original declaration and the question whether such amendment,introduces a new cause of action, is pointed out. There is, without doubt, such a distinction, but that is not pertinent here. The court in Chicago City Railway Co. v. McMeen held that an amendment to a declaration against the Chicago City Railway for injuries resulting to McMeen from a rear end collision of two of its cars, in one of which he was a passenger, by which amendment the place of the accident was changed from State street to Cottage Grove avenue, did not state a new cause of action because, as the court said, “although varying the details of place, the substantive claim counted upon precisely the same rights, duties and violations as were alleged in-the original declaration.” This in our opinion is not true in the case of the amended declaration in the case at bar. Distinguishing cases cited by appellant in Railway Co. v. McMeen, the Supreme Court does not, as counsel argue, emphasize the difference between injuries to real estate and injuries to the person, but the difference between cases where the locus in quo is essential to and of the substance of the action and cases where it is not. To say that the correct description of the locus in quo is not essential or material in cases like the one at bar, is to say that a declaration against the city, alleging generally an accident to a plaintiff on a sidewalk within the city limits, would contain all the information necessary or essential to-be stated in the pleading. This is not so. Use of the argument ah inconvenienti is not needed to demonstrate that in the case of an injury by a municipal corporation’s neglect. to keep in repair a sidewalk within its limits, the fundamental principle of pleadings that its object is to inform the parties respectively of the case they have to meet, is inconsistent with any such proposition. Whether the action is for damage to real estate or to the person, when “the locus in quo is legally essential and of the substance of the action” (which is the language of the Supreme Court in the McMeen case), a damage in that locus will state a new cause of action. This is the underlying principle in Wisconsin Central Railroad v. Wieczorek, 151 Ill., 579, and of Derragon v. Rutland, 58 Vermont, 128, discussed in the McMeen case, and it is also the principle involved in the opinions.of both the Appellate and Supreme Court in Town of Cicero v. Bartelme, 114 Ill. App., 9, and 212 Ill., 256. In the Appellate Court, Mr. Justice Baker held the demurrer to the plea of the Statute of Limitations to the additional count properly sustained, because the locus set forth in that count was the same as that described in the original declaration, and in the Supreme Court, Mr. Justice LIaud was even more explicit in the same sense. If the cause of action set forth in the amended declaration in the ease at bar was a new one, it is plain that the trial court erred in not overruling the demurrer to the Statute of Limitations, and erred in not taking the cause from the jury. The appellee says that the record' fails to show that the appellant took any exception to the ruling of the court sustaining the demurrer. Mo exception is necessary to such a ruling on the pleadings. Hamlin v. Reynolds, 22 Ill., 207. She also says that the record does not show that the appellant stood by its plea. This is presumed if it takes no steps from which a waiver or abandonment of it is to be inferred, such as asking to amend or to plead over. Bemart v. Union Central Life Ins. Co., 203 Ill., 439, is authority for both these propositions. It was not to be expected, of course, that the trial judge would, after sustaining the demurrer to the plea of limitations, take the case from the jury on the same ground on which he was asked to overrule the demurrer; but as appellant stood by its plea, if there was error in sustaining the demurrer, it was repeated in the refusal of the peremptory instruction. Our holding as to the effect of the plea of the Statute ©f Limitations renders it unnecessary for us further to discuss the case. The statute being, as we hold, a bar to this action, we shall reverse the judgment without remanding the cause, hut with a finding of facts. Reversed.