Harrison v. People ex rel. Raben

Mr. Justice Ball delivered the opinion of the court. The right to sell intoxicating liquors by retail is not a natural nor a constitutional right. Where such right is given by statute the provisions of the act must be strictly followed or it cannot be exercised. People v. Cregier, 138 Ill., 401, 418. In order to succeed, a party litigant, who prays for the issuance of a writ of mandamus, must set forth and establish a clear right to the relief demanded. Every material fact necessary to show that the defendant is under a legal obligation to perform the act sought to be enforced must be alleged and proved. If the duty be not absolute and the defendant has a discretion in the granting or in the refusing of the privilege sought, mandamus will not lie. But if the applicant has complied with the laws and the ordinances governing the matter in controversy, the officer charged with the duty of extending the privilege becomes a mere ministerial agent and has no discretion in the premises. In such case, if he refuse to grant the privilege, mandamus is the proper remedy to compel him to perform his duty. People v. Fletcher, 2 Scam., 482; C., B. & Q. Ry. v. Wilson, 17 Ill., 129; People v. Hatch, 33 Ill., 9; East St. Louis v. Wider, 46 Ill., 351; People v. C. & A. Ry. Co., 55 Ill., 95; Commissioners v. People, 60 Ill., 339; County of St. Clair v. People, 85 Ill., 400; People v. Davis, 93 Ill., 134; People v. Crotty, 93 Ill., 186; People v. Johnson, 100 Ill., 543; Bd. of Supervisors v. People, 110 Ill., 511; People v. Bd. of Supervisors, 125 Ill., 334; Brokaw v. Commissioners, 130 Ill., 483; People v. Hastings, 6 Ill. App., 179. In People v. Fletcher, supra, Bisk petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus directed to Fletcher, clerk of the Kane County Circuit, Court, commanding him to receive and file Bisk’s bond as sheriff-elect and to administer to Bisk the oaths of office. The court granted the writ, saying: “We are of the opinion that the filing of the bond of the sheriff and administering the oaths of office is merely a ministerial duty. The clerk had no right to take upon himself to judge as to the qualifications of the sheriff, or to determine what will be the effect of his performing his duty. He must perform what the statute has required of him, without regard to consequences.” In C., B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, supra, appellant being authorized by its charter to construct and to operate a railroad, applied to appellee as circuit judge for the appointment of commissioners to condemn lands. He denied the application. Upon appeal the Supreme Court awarded a peremptory mandamus, saying, among other things: “Here the act to be performed by the circuit judge is strictly of a ministerial character, and it was so determined by this court in the case of the Illinois Central Railroad Company v. Rucker, 14 Ill., 153, where a mandamus in precisely such a case was awarded by this court. When such a case is made as is required by the statute, the judge has no discretion whether he will appoint commissioners or not. It is his imperative duty to do so. Necessarily he must look to see whether such a case is presented as authorizes and requires him to act, and such- is the case with every officer who is called upon to discharge a ministerial duty.” C., B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, 17 Ill., 128-9. See, also, People v. Hastings, 6 Ill. App., 436; Hickey v. C. & W. Ry. Co., 6 Ill. App., 172; Foss v. Chicago, 56 Ill., 354; Bibel v. People, 67 Ill., 172. To sustain the action of the mayor in this regard appellants cite many cases from the reports in other States. (among which are Haggart v. Stehlin, 137 Ind. 43; Leigton v. Maury, 76 Va. 865; Sherlock v. Stuart, 96 Mich., 193; Muller v. Com’rs, 89 N. C., 171; State v. Cheyenne, 40 L. R. A. 710; Perry v. Salt Lake, 7 Utah, 143), and one case in this court (Swift v. People, 63 Ill. App., 455). The case from sister States, though persuasive, cannot be followed, nor can we follow the law as laid down in the Swift case, supra, for the reasons hereinafter given. Under the admitted facts of this case the pivotal question is: had the mayor of the city of Chicago any discretion to refuse to issue the license demanded by the relator ? By chapter 24, B. S., Hurd 1903, the subject of the licensing of dram-shops, within its corporate limits, is delegated to the city of Chicago. In pursuance of that power the common council passed an ordinance governing this subject. This ordinance states that the “mayor of the city of Chicago shall from time to time grant licenses for the keeping of dram-shops within the city of Chicago to persons who shall apply to him in writing therefor.” It also provides that the party applying for such a license shall furnish evidence satisfactory to the mayor of his good character; and sets out what other steps the applicant must take" in order to put himself in position to demand the same. It is admitted that in making his application the relator did everything required of him by the laws and ordinances; that no question was or is made as to the sufficiency of the bonds tendered by him, or as to his good character; and that his application was refused solely because the place where he proposed to keep his dram-shop is immediately next to the grounds of one of the public schools of the city. We are of the opinion that under the decisions of our Supreme Court upon the admitted facts of this case, the mayor had no discretion to refuse to issue the license as demanded. The Legislature has delegated to the city of Chicago the power to control the keeping of dram-shops within its limits. The city by ordinance has exercised that power. The ordinance fully determines to whom and under what circumstances licenses shall be granted and leaves to the mayor no discretion as to the location of the proposed saloon. When the applicant has complied with the laws and ordinances, and the mayor is satisfied that he is a man of good character and the bonds he tenders are sufficient, the mayor becomes a mere ministerial officer, and it is his duty to issue the license upon proper request. Our government is one of law. Our rights and our liberties are conserved by general rules acting upon each and all alike. All laws and ordinances must be general in their operation, and must grant equal rights to every inhabitant of the State or city. Privileges thus granted must be extended to every one upon the same terms, conditions and restrictions. Chicago v. Rumpff, 45 Ill., 90; Millett v. People, 117 Ill., 294; McGregor v. Village of Lovington, 48 Ill. App., 208; Swigert v. People, 50 Ill. App., 187. Where the Supreme Court has declared what the law is upon any point, it is our duty to follow that decision in like cases. Field v. People, 2 Scam., 79. In Zanone v. Mound City, 103 Ill., 552, the question here at issue came up to the Supreme Court upon demurrer to a petition for a writ of mandamus against the municipal authorities of Mound City to compel them to issue to the relator a license to keep a dram-shop within the corporate limits of the city. The petition alleged full compliance by the relator with all the conditions and requirements of the city ordinance providing for the issue of licenses to keep dram-shops within the city, and averred that he was in every respect a suitable person to be licensed to carry on such business, and had tendered the license fees fixed by the ordinance and a good and sufficient bond as required by the act, and yet the respondents had refused to issue such license, and this without excuse, justification or explanation. All these things were admitted by the demurrer. The writ was ordered to be issued. That case and the one at bar are on all fours, except in one particular, namely, that here the defendants say that the mayor refused to issue the license because the place where appellee proposed to keep his dram-shop is immediately next the grounds of one of the public schools of the city. This difference is immaterial, for the reason that the ordinance of the city of Chicago concerning dram-shops does not refer to the place where the dram-shop shall be situate, other than to say that it must be within the city limits, nor does it confer upon the mayor any power to determine that the place selected is a suitable place for the location of a dram-shop. The Supreme Court, among other things, said: “* * * Such ordinances must be general in their character, and operate equally upon all persons within the municipality of the class to which the ordinance relates. * * Whether a license be that of a merchant, a peddler, or a keeper of a dram-shop, it confers a privilege upon the citizen for which the law requires a fixed compensation to he paid, and the privilege must be open alike to all citizens of the municipality in and on like conditions. * * * The case of East St. Louis v. Wider, 46 Ill., 351, decides, expressly, that mandamus is the proper remedy where an applicant has brought himself within the provisions of such an ordinance, and the municipal authorities refuse the license. * * * The doctrine that any one who has brought himself within the requirements regulating the licensing power may compel, by mandamus, the coiqiorate authorities to grant him a license where it is refused through mere caprice, is recognized, 'either expressly ■or by necessary, implication, in all the cases bearing upon this subject to which our attention has been called. * * * Equality before the law is a fundamental principle of our institutions, and no reason is perceived why applicants for license to keep a dram-shop, who are suitable persons to be licensed, should stand "on an equality- before the law. * * * Being of the opinion that the record shows a clear right in the relator, the peremptory writ -sought by the- petition is ordered to be issued.” It is true .that two of the seven judges dissented from this opinion, and one of them refused to concur therein, but that opinion stands as the judgment of our Supreme Court upon the question at bar. If the citizens of Chicago desire to prevent the licensing ■of dram-shops to be kept in the immediate vicinity of schools, or of churches, or in strictly residence neighborhoods, they must prevail upon the common council to pass an amendment to the present ordinance, which amendment shall give to the mayor a discretion as to the place where a dram-shop may be located. It follows from what has been said that the refusal of the mayor to issue this license was an act beyond his power, .and therefore the judgment of the trial court must be and it is affirmed. Affirmed.