OPINION OF THE COURT
ALITO, Circuit Judge.
In this bankruptcy appeal, former employees of Hechinger Investment Company and related entities (“Hechinger”) contest an order under which certain employee benefits are treated as administrative expenses only to the extent that they are attributable to employment services performed after Hechinger filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the order of the District Court.
I.
Hechinger operated 206 general home improvement stores under a variety of names, including Hechinger, Builders Square, and Home Quarters Warehouse. Due to financial difficulties, Hechinger decided to close 34 of its Builders Square Stores in February of 1999. In order to liquidate the inventory of these stores, He-chinger held “going out of business” sales. Wishing to ensure that each store would retain experienced staff to run these sales, Hechinger offered two types of special benefits (hereinafter collectively “Stay-On Benefits”). Fust, Hechinger offered to increase the percentage of “BHQ Time” for which an employee would be paid on termination. Employees accumulated BHQ Time (a combination of vacation, sick, holiday, and personal days) at rates that varied based on length of service. Employees not participating in the Stay-On Benefits program, received payment for 50% of their BHQ time upon termination. Under the Stay-On Benefits program, however, employees were to be paid for 100% of this time. Second, participating employees were to receive severance pay in amounts that varied based on length of service with the company. Full-time employees who had completed at least nine months of continuous service as of the date of termination were eligible to receive one week of severance for each completed year of service, up to a maximum of 13 weeks. To be eligible to receive any of these enhanced benefits, however, an employee had to remain with the company until the employee’s store was closed or the employee was released by the company.
On June 11, 1999, Hechinger voluntarily filed petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. On August 3, 1999, employees of the 34 closing Builders Square stores (“employees”) filed a motion in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware requesting immediate payment of benefits owed under the Stay-On Benefits plan as administrative
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expenses under 11 U.S.C. §~ 503(b)(1)(A), 507(a)(1), and 105.
The Bankruptcy Court granted this relief only in part. The Court apportioned both the BHQ time payments and the severance pay between the period of pre- and post-petition employment and treated only the latter as administrative expenses. The District Court affirmed, and this appeal followed.
We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 158(d). Our review of the District Court's decision effectively amounts to review of the bankruptcy court's opinion in the first instance. See In re Telegroup, Inc.,
281 F.3d 133, 136 (3d Cir.2002). Interpretations of the Bankruptcy Code are subject to plenary review. See In re Abbotts Dairies, 788 F.2d 143, 147 (3d Cir.1986). We review a refusal to exercise jurisdiction under
11 U.S.C. § 105 for an abuse of discretion. See Nordhoff Invs., Inc. v. Zenith,
258 F.3d 180, 182 (3d Cir.2001).
II.
The dispute between the parties is limited to the priority to be afforded to the Stay-On Benefits claims. The employees argue that the entirety of their claims qualify as administrative expenses under § 503(b)(1)(A) because the benefits were not "earned," i.e., employees could not expect payment, until after the last day of business of the individual store or the individual employee's release date. Each named employee completed employment after Hechinger's petition date. The employees contend that this feature of the Stay-On Benefits distinguishes them from conventional severance pay and that therefore this case is not controlled by our precedents allowing administrative priority to claims for severance benefits only inasmuch as the claims arose post-petition. Based on their contention that the benefits at issue here were earned after the petitions were filed, the employees argue that they are administrative expenses under § 503(b)(1)(A).
Section 503(b) provides:
After notice and a hearing, there shall be allowed administrative expenses, other than claims allowed under section 502(f) of this title, including
(1)(A) the actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate, including wages, salaries, or commissions for services rendered after the corn-mencement of the case.
11 U.S.C. § 503(b) (emphasis added).
Under § 507, certain categories of expenses and claims enjoy priority. Administrative expenses allowed under § 503(b) receive first priority in the distribution of the assets of the debtor's estate. See
11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(1). In a Chapter 11 case, a court cannot confirm a distribution plan unless the plan provides full cash payment of all § 503(b) administrative expense claims or the claim holder agrees to different treatment. See 11 U.S.C. §~ 943(b)(5), 1129(a)(9)(A).
The employees also argue that Hechinger will be unjustly enriched if all Stay-On Benefits are not treated as administrative expenses and that immediate payment of their claims should be ordered under Bankruptcy Code Section 105,
11 U.S.C. § 105.
III.
The employees' principal argument is that the Stay-On Benefits are entitled to administrative expense priority because they were earned after the filing of the petition and directly and substantially benefitted the estate. Noting that employees qualified for these benefits only if they remained until released, the employ
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ees state that these benefits “were not earned ratably over time” but “were earned upon the Employees’ release.” Appellants’ Br. at 7-8. The employees explain:
[T]he “Stay-On Benefits” are distinct from wages and other traditional compensation benefits which compensate employees for their daily work. This separate element cannot be prorated between prepetition and postpetition periods; no Stay-On Benefits would be due and owing if an employee left the employ of Hechinger before his/her release by Hechinger.
Appellants’ Br. at 12. In addition, the employees argue that, even if the Stay-On Benefits are treated like ordinary severance benefits, the Stay-On Benefits must be classified as administrative expenses because the employees’ consideration — remaining in good standing at the time of termination — was furnished after the filing of the petition.
In analyzing the employees’ argument, we begin with the language of Section 503(b)(1)(A). Under that provision, as noted, “wages, salaries, or commissions for services rendered after the commencement of the case” may be allowed as administrative expenses. Thus, in order for the Stay-On Benefits to qualify in toto, as the employees desire, these benefits must have been “for services rendered after the commencement of the case.” It is apparent, however, that all of the Stay-On Benefits cannot meet this requirement. Suppose that the employees, after enlisting in the Stay-On Benefits program, had absented themselves from work until the moment when the bankruptcy petition was filed and had then showed up professing a willingness to remain on the job until release. The employees would have been ready to perform all of the services to be “rendered after the commencement of the case,” but because they had not rendered the specified services prior to that point, they would not qualify for the Stay-On Benefits (or, presumably, for continued ■ employment with the debtor).
Under the Stay-On Benefits program, the consideration furnished by the employees was the work that they did every day from the time when they agreed to the Stay-On Benefits program until the closing of their stores or their release by the company. Some of these services were rendered before the bankruptcy case was commenced and some were rendered after. Accordingly, it seems clear to us that some sort of apportionment between the two periods is needed.
The employees’ reliance on the date when the Stay-On Benefits were to be paid — at the end of the employees’ term— is misplaced. Section 503(b)(1)(A) does not give administrative' priority to “wages, salaries, or commissions due to be paid after the commencement of the case.” It looks to the time when the services were “rendered” not when they were scheduled for payment. See e.g., In re Commercial Fin. Servs., Inc.,
246 F.3d 1291, 1295 (10th Cir.2001) (to determine administrative priority, courts look to “when the acts giving rise to a liability took place, not when they accrued”) (quotation omitted); In re Su-narhauserman, Inc.,
126 F.3d 811, 818-19 (6th Cir.1997) (same); In re Continental Airlines, Inc.,
148 B.R. 207, 212 (D.Del.1992) (“Congress was quite specific about which wage claims were to receive administrative priority ... [and] made it clear that the only wages which were to be given priority in § 503(b)(1)(A) were those for services rendered post-petition”); In re M Group, Inc.,
268 B.R. 896, 900-02 (Bankr.D.Del.2001) (it was not determinative that the payment of a lump sum severance was contingent on termination, which occurred post-petition).
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It is similarly irrelevant whether the services that the employees performed prior to the filing of the petition continued to benefit the debtor after the case was commenced. Section 503(b)(1)(A) does not provide that services that have the effect of benefitting the estate are entitled to treatment as administrative expenses. (Such a test would be unworkable because services rendered years before the commencement of a bankruptcy case — e.g., constructing the steps leading to the debt- or’s principal facility — might well continue to result in benefit for the estate during the post-petition period.) Instead, § 503(b)(1)(A) refers to services that are “rendered after the commencement of the case” and that are needed for the purpose “of preserving the estate.” An estate cannot be preserved until it comes into existence, and as the Bankruptcy Court observed, “[t]he estate does not exist pre-petition.” App. 34.
We also note that the employees have not shown that the work performed pre-petition represents an “actual, necessary cost[ ] and expense[ ] of preserving the estate.”
11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A). He-chinger’s closed the stores in an attempt to remain liquid. It is easy to imagine a case in which the pre-petition sale of inventory decreases the value of the estate because inventory is sold at drastically reduced prices in an attempt to remain liquid and avoid bankruptcy. An expense incurred “in exchange for something that is not beneficial to the estate cannot be considered as an expense necessary for preserving the estate.” 2 Collier Bankruptcy Manual § 503-18 (3d ed.2002). For all these reasons, it seems clear that some method of allocation between the pre- and post-petition periods must be used.
Under some circumstances, an argument that the allocation should not be based strictly on the length of the two periods might make sense. (Suppose that a company’s business is seasonal, that the going wage varies based on the season, and that the company would have paid different daily wages if it had entered into contracts for two separate periods of time.) But here, the employees do not argue that the Bankruptcy Court used the wrong allocation method; rather, they argue that no allocation was proper. We reject that argument and thus have no occasion to consider alternative methods of allocation.
The appellees argue, and we agree, that the decisions of the District Court and the Bankruptcy Court are supported by circuit precedent. Our Court first addressed the classification of employment benefits as administrative expenses in In re Public Ledger, Inc.,
161 F.2d 762, 771-73 (3d Cir.1947). In that case, several different types of benefits were at issue. The first concerned vacation pay. Under the company’s contract with one of its unions, covered employees who worked for the full calendar year received two weeks of paid vacation, while all others received one day’s vacation with pay for each 26 days worked. Id. at 765. The Court held that only the vacation pay earned after the trustees took charged should be classified as administrative expenses. Id. at 773. The Court wrote:
[T]he vacation pay ... earned before the trustees took charge does not constitute wages as administration expenses because the service was not given during the reorganization period, and it follows logically that vacation pay earned under the trustees’ management does not constitute administration expense, and is within the priority such status entitles it to enjoy.
Id. at 768.
Some of the company’s employees were also entitled to severance pay in amounts that varied based on the length of their employment. The Court held that these
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benefits, like the vacation pay, should be allocated between the periods before and after the beginning of the trustees' management. Id. at 772.
The final type of benefit was based on a provision of a contract entitling covered employees to two days' notice before layoff. Such notice was not given, and the Court held that payment for the two days' lost wages was an administrative expense. Id. at 769. The court wrote that this pay, "in that it moves to all employees regardless of length of service, is held to be wages wholly earned and accrued under the trustees' management and, therefore is entitled to priority as such." Id. at 770.
Using the Public Ledger framework, we have distinguished between "(i) pay at termination in lieu of notice; and (ii) pay at termination based on length of employment," with the prior receiving administrative expense priority and the latter receiving no additional priority other than that allowed under § 507(a)(3). In re Roth American, Inc.,
975 F.2d 949, 957 (3d Cir.1992) (quotation omitted). Traditionally, pay at termination in lieu of notice is allowed administrative expense priority because the payments are made in consideration of quick departure from employment after the petition date-consideration given after the petition. Severance pay at termination based on length of employment is given in consideration of work performed both pre- and post-petition, and thus not all such pay is entitled to treatment as an administrative expense. Id. at 958; see also In re Health Maintenance Found.,
680 F.2d 619, 621 (9th Cir.1982); In re Mammoth Mart, Inc.,
536 F.2d 950, 955 (1st Cir.1976); In re Allegheny Int'l, Inc.
118 B.R. 276, 280 (Bank.W.D.Pa.1990).
Numerous courts have followed Roth American's teachings that length-of-service severance pay should be allowed administrative expense priority only to the extent that the entitlement arose post-petition. See e.g. In re World Sales, Inc.,
183 B.R. 872 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.1995) (the division of severance benefits between pre- and post-petition employment was appropriate); In re Wean Inc.,
171 B.R. 528, 531-32 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1994) (even though employees were paid severance benefits only if they stayed until their severance date, "portions of severance pay attributable to services performed for Debtor post petition [we]re entitled to administrative priority under Roth American ... Amounts in excess of the [service performed post-petition] constitute unsecured claims"); In re Allegheny Int'l Inc., 118 B.R. at 280 (severance benefit tied to seniority was awarded priority "only to the extent that it was earned post-filing or within 90 days prior thereto"). But see In re Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey,
160 B.R. 882, 890 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1993) (when termination occurs post-petition, severance pay is automatically classified as an administrative expense regardless of the benefit to the estate).
Under the Roth American taxonomy, the Stay-On Benefits resemble length-of-service pay much more closely than severance pay in lieu of notice. Under the Stay-On Benefits plan, as noted, employees were obligated to provide services both before and after the filing of the bankruptcy petition. Under Roth American, severance pay claims "only have administrative priority to the extent that they are based on services provided to the bankruptcy estate post-petition." 975 F.2d. at 757; see also In re Health Maintenance Found., 680 F.2d at 621; In re Mammoth Mart, Inc., 536 F.2d at 953. Consequently, only the Stay-On Benefits attributable to post-petition services are entitled to administrative expense priority.
Iv.
The employees' remaining arguments do not require lengthy discussion.
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The employees argue that the debtor and its creditors will be unjustly enriched if all of the Stay-On Benefits are not classified as administrative expenses. According to the employees, this will allow “them to retain the benefit of the [employees’] consideration without expending the promised compensation.” Appellants’ Br. at 22. The employees do not cite any provision of the Bankruptcy Code in support of this argument, but they rely on our decision in In re Visual Indus., Inc.,
57 F.3d 321 (3d Cir.1995), and several bankruptcy court decisions.
In re Visual Indus., Inc. concerned Section 506(c) of the Bankruptcy Code,
11 U.S.C. § 506(c), which provides that “[t]he trustee may recover from property securing an allowed secured claim the reasonable, necessary costs and expenses of preserving, or disposing of, such property to the extent of any benefit to the holder of such claim.” The employees do not explain how this provision can be applied in the present case, and we see no basis for doing so. We have considered all of the employees’ authorities but are not persuaded that the decision of the Bankruptcy Court in this case results in unjust enrichment or that there is a ground under the Code for treating all of the Stay-On Benefits as administrative expenses.
V.
The employees finally assert that immediate payment should be ordered under
11 U.S.C. § 105, which provides:
The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.
Here, where other provisions of the Code are specifically controlling, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion under § 105. See In re Arrowmill Dev. Corp.,
211 B.R. 497, 505 n. 9 (Bankr.D.N.J. 1997) (“section 105 does not authorize relief inconsistent with more specific law”) (quotation and citations omitted). The Bankruptcy Court determined “[t]o the extent that the clear language of § 503 relegates their claims to general prepetition status, an order for immediate payment under § 105 is inappropriate,” and ordered that “[t]o the extent that § 503 and § 507 grant administrative expense status to the Employees’ claims, payment will be made according to the schedule of payments for similar claims.” App. at 396 n. 8. This order is a clear application of § 503 and does not represent an abuse of discretion under § 105.
VI.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.
