Gwinn v. Hubbard

Stevens, J. On the 1.9th of April, 1830, the plaintiff recovered five several judgments against Samuel Downing, before a. justice of the peace of the county of Bartholomew. On the'21st 'of August,,1830, a writ of .execution issued .on each .judgment directed to a constable of the township, commanding him to levy the several judgments, se.t forth in the several, writs, of the goods-and chattel's , of Downing, but'for'want of property whereon to levy, then to take his body to the gaol of the county, and him deliver into the .custody of the sheriff, there to be detained until payment should be made or he otherwise legally discharged. ' Which several writs came into the hands of the constable on the day of their date, and he,.finding no goods or chattels, afterwards, on the 23d day of August, '1830, arrested Downing by his body on those writs, and delivered .him together with the writs to John C. Hubbard, the defendant, he being then and there the sheriff of the county; who immediately afterwards, [15] knowingly and wilfully, permitted the prisoner to,escape and go at large. The plaintiff brought an action of debt against the sheriff for the escape. To which action- the sheriff pleads in justification, that, at the time Damning .was delivered to him on those writs, there -was no gaol in the county and that the plaintiff well, knew it. That the boards doing county business-had neglected and refused to cause agaolto be erected,although they had been several times, by the Circuit Court and grand juries'-of the county, requested so'to do. And that because there was no gaol erected in the county, he-. did knowingly and wilfully permit, the escape, as lie lawfully might do. To this'defence the plaintiff demurs, arid the demurrer is overruled, and judgment rendered for the defendant. Three points have been raised for the consideration- of the Court.; The first is, whether the action of debt will lie in this state against a sheriff for an escape on the writ of capias ad salisfacicndum? ' By the common law debt only lies upon contracts. Escapes are considered forts,-and are so, treated by Courts of justice. Hence,.at common law, the remedy is an action-on the case.' The statutes of West. 2, ch. 11, (13 Ed. 1,) and 1 Rich. 2, ch. 12, give the action of debt for escape’s on' the writ of cü. so,., and if these statutes are in force here the action of debt lies. This state-has adopted not'only the common- law of England'but also all the statutes in aid thereof, made prior to the 4th year of the reign of Jac. 1, (except the 2 sec.'of the 6 ch. 43 Eliz., the 8 ch.- of the 13 Eliz., and 9 ch. 37 Hen. 8,) of a general nature and not local to'that kingdom. Those.statutes are affirmative; they take away no common law remedy but add one, leaving the party at liberty to make his own election as to what remedy he will adopt, and are clearly in aid of the common law and in full force here. Steere v. Field, 2 Mason, 486.—-Bonafous v. Walker, 2 T. R. 129.-—Alsept v. Eyles, 2 Hen. Bl. 108 (1). The second point is, whether the sheriff is liable for escapes, until the county authorities have erected a gaol for the reception of prisoners? • By the common law, each county has two prisons — one for the reception of criminals furnished by the public and called public gaols, the other for the reception of debtors, furnished by the sheriff himself. The sheriff may appropriate his OWn house for that use, or he may furnish any [16] other house he pleases in the bounds of his county; and the government is bound to indemnify him. He is bound at his peril to safely keep all such prisoners in safe custody, until the debt is paid or the, prisoner otherwise legally discharged; and to enable him to. do so, the whole means'and power of the county are at bis disposal. Nothing-except public enemies, or the act of God, can-release him from that obligation. Smith v. Hillier, Cro. Eliz. 167.—6 Bac. tit. sheriff, letter H. 5.—-Day & Whittlesey v. Brett, 6 Johns. Rep. 22.—Bartlett v. Willis, 3 Mass. R. 86. The defendant rests his -defence in this particular, on the statutes which require thé'boards doing county business, in the several counties,-.to cause a oourt-house, gaol, and other public buildings to be erected in their respective counties as soon as convenient. He insists, that these statutes, have taken the power and'responsibility out-of-the sheriff’s hands, and given them to these boards; and that the sheriff is, no longer liable. Tn South-Carolina, in the case of Smith v. Hart, 2 Bay’s R. 395, and in Massachusetts in.the case of Burrell v. Lithgow, 2 Mass. 526, where there-’are statutes' similar in substance to ours, it was held that although the public authorities may have erected prisons, y.et if the prisoners escape by reason of the insufficiency of'the prison, the sheriff is liable— be being bound to see arid know that his'prison was sufficient. By our statutes, the time, of erecting those public buildings is left entirely to the discretion and .convenience of those boards, without any provision for the deterition of prisoners until, the public prison may be erected. It cannot.be presumed, that the legislature intended .that no person should bé imprisoned, until it iriight suit the convenience of the county authorities to erect prisons. The record in this case shows, that there was -no public prison in the county in which the prisoner could have been detained; and, in such cases, the. .Court thinks it is very clear that the common law governs. The sheriff ought to have furnished , a prison, and. detained the debtor in close custody until the debt was paid or the prisoner otherwise, legally dis-' charged, if he was legally in his custody as such debtor (2). The third point is, whether this commitment was legal or illegal, By the act of 1824, and the amendatory act of 1825, respecting the writs of execution, it is provided that- no writ of ca. sa. shall be issued by the clerks of the Circuit Courts, until after a return of nulla bona to a fu fa., unless the execution [17] plaintiff will make and file an affidavit that the judgment-debtor is about to leave the country. And by the 12th sec. of the act of 1825, it is provided that justices of the peace shall have full power to issue the writ of ca. sa., on judgments rendered by them, under the same restrictions, rules, and regulations, as are provided for the issuing similar writs by the clerks of the Circuit Courts. This is the only statutory provision, so far as it relates to justices of the peace and constables, that was at the time of this commitment in existence (3). The first natural branch of this point is the writs of execution, by which Downing was arrested and delivered to the sheriff. If these writs did not give any legal authority to arrest the execution-defendant, they gave no authority to the sheriff to hold him in custody. The first objection to the writs is, that they are double in their character. They appear upon their face to have been intended to have the force, operation, and effect of a fi. fa. and a ca. sa. both. They first command the constable to levy the debt of the goods and chattels of the defendant; but for want thereof, to arrest him by his body and convey him to the gaol of the eounty, and deliver him to the sheriff, &c. There is no such writ as this known to the common law. Our statute authorised no such writ; nor is there any sanctioned precedent to support the issue of such writ. Again, the statute is express that no ca. sa. shall issue until after a fi.fa. has issued, and a return of nulla bonus is made thereto; unless an affidavit is made as above noticed. In this case, the fi.fa. and ca. sa. both issued at the same time, and were put into the officer’s hands at the same time, if those writs can be construed into writs of ca. sa. The constable considered them as writs of fi.fa. and so treated them, for by his return he says, that he searched for goods and chattels and found none. We think they cannot be considered any more than writs offi.fa.; and the officer should have returned them as such. They cannot be writs of fi.fa. and of ca. sa. at the same time; and as the law is positive that no ca. sa. shall issue until after the return of nulla bona to a fi. fa. or an oath made as aforesaid, they gave no legal authority to arrest the defendant. P. Szueetser, for the appellant. C. Fletcher and PL Gregg, for the appellee. Per Curiam. The judgment is affirmed with costs. Footnotes [(1)] The general act, referred to in the text, adopting the common law, &c. was first adopted in 1795, by the governor and judges of the North-Western [18] Territory, from the statutes of Virginia, where it had been enacted in 1776. The Virginia act, however, was repealed in 1792. A distinction, says Judge Tucker was made in Virginia, even before the revolution, between such British statutes as were passed anterior to the 4-th year of James the 1st, (1606,) and those subsequently enacted. The former, (so far as they were applicable to the circumstances of the colony,) were held to be in force in Virginia; the latter were not so; probably because the first charter (granted about that time to Sir Thomas Gates and others) provided that the president and council should govern the colony according to such laws as should be prescribed by the king. This distinction between statutes prior and subsequent to the 4th of James the 1st was retained at the revolution. 1 Tuck. Comm. 8. The ordinance of 1787, for the government of the North-Western Territory, says, that the inhabitants of the territory shall always be entitled to the benefit of judicial proceedings, according to the course of the common law. Art. 2. The statute of 1795, supra, adopting the common law, &c., is inserted in our Rev. Codes of 1807, 1818, 1834, and 1831. The action of debt for an escape on execution is generally preferable to that of case. In case, the jury give such damages as they choose, and therefore in cases of hardship, a small sum is sometimes given. But, in debt, the sheriff stands in the situation of the original debtor, and the jury cannot give a less sum than the creditor would have recovered against the prisoner, that is, the sum endorsed on the writ, and the legal fees of execution. 1 Selw. N. P. 504. The English statutes cited in the text are confined to escapes out of execution; and an action on the case, therefore, continues to be the only remedy for the escape of prisoners who have been arrested on mesne process. 1 Selw. supra, note. [(2)] In an action on the case against the sheriff for an escape, the Court of Appeals in Maryland says, — “ It is not denied that in such a case, (an arrest in a civil action, or a commitment for want of bail,) the sheriff would be liable for an escape, notwithstanding the public gaol should happen to be out of repair. That is his own look out. He takes upon himself the office with its responsibilities, and is bound for the safe keeping of those whom the law intrusts to his custody. Public policy requires it, and in an action against him for an escape, it is not a sufficient answer to say that the gaol was out of order.” Slemaker v. Marriott, 5 Gill & Johns. 406. [(3)] Vide Rev. Code, 1831, pp. 240, 315.. As to the law, independently of the statute, relative to the issuing of a ca. sa., see Steele v. Murray, Vol. 1, of these Rep. 179 and note.