Indiana Mutual Fire Insurance v. Conner

Stuart, J. The insurance company sued Cornier on his premium note. The defendant filed the general issue and four special pleas. Demurrer to the special pleas overruled, and judgment for the defendant. The insurance company brings the case to this Court. It appears that on the 29th of March, 1843, Conner effected an insurance with the plaintiff upon certain property in Indianapolis, for 3,000 dollars, receiving a policy [171] and giving the note now sued upon, for 180 dollars; the policy and the note being the consideration, each for the other, and thus one contract. The declaration sets out the substance of the note and the policy, and then avers that certain assessments had been regularly made against the defendant, according to the terms of the contract, which he had failed and refused to pay, &c. The substance of the pleas is briefly this. That on the 10th of July, 1843, Conner sold and conveyed the property insured to one West; that on the 12th of the same month and year, he paid all insurance and assessments which had accrued up to the latter date, of all which the plaintiff had notice, &c., and that thereby and thereafter the consideration of the premium note had failed, &e. The pleas are drawn without much artistic skill, nor are they as full as the facts would seem to suggest. But yet, perhaps, they are set forth with sufficient certainty for matters of defence. It appears that section 15 of the insurance company’s charter requires the policy to be surrendered (1). That such surrender was necessary to discharge the assured from future assessments, is suggested in 8 Blackf. 50, and directly decided in 2 Ind. 645. The pleas do not allege the surrender of the policy at any time prior to the commencement of suit. Tested by these authorities, the pleas, it is contended, are bad, and the demurrer should have been sustained. But the case of Mc Culloch v. The Indiana Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 8 Blackf. 50, does not sustain the doctrine claimed by the plaintiff. That was a bill in chancery to enforce payment of the premium note, as a charge on the insured premises, in the hands of the vendee of the party assured. The Court held, that a policy of insurance given by the Indiana Mutual Fire Insurance Company was rendered void, and the lien of the company on the insured premises lost, by a sale or mortgage. In the conclusion an intimation is given that the assured was still personally liable on the premium note, until the policy was surrendered. But that point was not before the Court, and can [172] be regarded only as a suggestion to the company in what direction their remedy lay if they had any. The other case, The Indiana Mutual Fire Insurance Company v. Coquillard, 2 Ind. 645, is placed entirely on the authority of that incidental remark in 8 Blackf. 50. No additional authority or reason is given for the conclusion. Thus relieved from the authority of both these'cases, on the question of surrendering the policy, we feel at liberty to examine it on its merits. La 8 Blackf., supra, and on the point really before the Court, it was held that a sale or mortgage rendered the policy void. So that after the sale to West, on the 10th of July, 1843, the risk of the insurance company ceased. The consideration of the premium note was a continuing one, namely, that the destruction of the property described in the policy should be at the risk of the company. When that risk of the company ceased, the consideration of the note, pro tanto, failed Lorn that instant. Had the property insured been destroyed by fire on the 13th of July, 1843, neither Conner nor his vendee could have recovered anything from the company. The policy was rendered void by the sale on the 10th. 8 Blackf., supra. Had Conner sued on the policy, the insurer would not have been slow to urge an objection so fatal to his recovery. As between individuals, the justice of the defence setting up a failure of consideration, would be clear. But it is said the charter holds the assured fiable on the premium note till the policy is surrendered. That in such charters, and also in the policies themselves, there are a great many provisoes and exceptions, calculated to impose on the public confidence, is very true. These minutice often seem purposely multiplied to such extent as to throw the risk chiefly on the party assured. But the Courts will look at the substance of these contracts, just as they would at contracts between individuals; and not permit corporations, .under the pretext of cunningly devised stipulations, which tend to render nugatory the ostensible object of the contract, to evade any just responsibility incurred, or assert any right not fairly coming within the purview and clear intent of [173] the contracting parties. The Kentucky Mutual Insurance Company v. Jenks, ante, p. 96. R. L. Walpole and W. Garver, for the plaintiffs. S. Yandes, for the defendant. In the case at bar, Conner files four special pleas, which are all in substance the same, viz., that he sold and conveyed the insured property on the 10th of July, 1843, and that on the 12th of July, 1843, he gave notice of the sale to the insurance company, and paid all assessments up to that date. It might have saved Conner the expense and trouble of this suit, had he at the same time delivered the policy. But yet we think the pleas in substance a good bar to the action. What he did was in effect a surrender. The actual delivery of the policy was wholly immaterial. After the 10th of July, 1843, the rights of the insurance company could in no manner be affected, whether the policy was surrendered or retained. In the hands of Conner, or any other person, it was no better than so much waste paper. The consideration of the premium note, up to the date of the sale, was good; and so far Conner had discharged it. Upon the residue of the note, the risk, which was the continuing consideration, ceased, and Conner's liability on the contract ceased with it. We are therefore of opinion that the ruling of the Circuit Court was correct. Per Curiam.—The judgment is affirmed with costs. Footnotes [(1)] The provision in the charter referred to, is as follows: “When any house or other building shall be alienated by sale or otherwise, the policy thereupon shall be void, and be surrendered to the directors of said company, tobe cancelled; and upon such surrender, the assured shall be entitled to receive his, her, or their deposite note, upon the payment of his, her, or their proportion of all losses and expenses that have occurred prior to such surrender: Provided, however, That the grantee or alienee, having the policy assigned to him, may have the same ratified and confirmed to him, her or them, for his, her, or their own proper use and benefit, upon application to the directors, and with their consent, within thirty days next after such alienation, on giving- proper security, to the satisfaction of the said directors, for such portion of the deposite or premium note, as shall remain unpaid, and by such ratification and confirmation, the party causing the same shall bo entitled to all the [174] rights and privileges, and subject to all the liabilities to which the original party insured was entitled and subjected under this act.” Local Laws, 1837, p. 124.