Sturgis v. Rogers

Erazer, J. This was a suit by Rogers and several others — 3 — against Solomon Sturgis and John P. Usher upon the following bond: “Knowall men by these presents, that we, 0. Bowen, Solomon Sturgis and John P. Usher, are held and firmly bound unto John C. Rogers--in the penal sum of $50,000, to be paid to them, the payment whereof,” &e., “dated May 28, 1858.” “The condition of the above obligation is such that whereas the said Bowen has prayed an appeal to the Supreme Court of Indiana from the judgment of the Marion Circuit Court, lately rendered against him, in favor of the above obligees, now if he will duly prosecute his appeal to effect, and abide by and pay the judgment and all costs which may be rendered or affirmed against him, then this bond shall be void, else to remain in full force and virtue.” (Signed) “Solomon Sturgis, “J. E. Usher.” “Piled and approved by me, May 25,1858. “¥m. B. Beach, Clerk.” It was averred in the complaint that the plaintiff, Rogers, in the Marion Circuit Court, in a proceeding by .attachment, had on the 24th of January, 1856, recovered a judgment against Rowland Ellis and William Sturgis for $2,920 40 and costs, and that the other plaintiffs had prosecuted their claims against the same parties under said attachment proceeding instituted by Rogers, and had respectively recovered judgments at the same time, to-wit: Saybroolc, for $1,994 17; McGregor, for $8,985 36; JDeutle, Croll $ Croll, for $4,123 48, and Campbell, for $367 42. It was further alleged that in that proceeding one Ozias Boioen, president of the Central Bank, was served with process as a garnishee, so that jurisdiction was obtained by the court of him as such garnishee; that upon his answer as such, and proof made, it was found by said court that the sum of $36,496 03 was due from said garnishee to the principal defendants, Ellis and Sturgis, and it was thereupon adjudged that said plaintiffs — 4 — recover of said Ozias Bowen, president of the Central Bank, the last mentioned sum, and that after paying costs, and the amounts due to the several plaintiffs in that proceeding, the residue should be paid to the principal defendants, Bilis and Sturgis. It was further averred that all of said judgments remained wholly unpaid, and that the attachment and garnishee defendants afterwards prayed an appeal to this court from the aforesaid judgments, and took such appeal, and presented to the clerk of this court and filed in his office the above appeal bond, and procured him to approve it, and thereupon a supersedeas issued, restraining the collection of all of said judgments; that the bond is defective in that the names of all the plaintiffs save Rogers were omitted to be inserted in it, though a blank space was left for that purpose. It was alleged that the judgment of the Marion Circuit Court appealed from was in all things affirmed by this court, and that the judgments so affirmed still remained wholly unpaid, wherefore there was a breach of the conditions of the bond. A demurrer to the complaint was overruled, and this, is assigned for error. "We perceive no reason for questioning the correctness of that ruling, and none is suggested in the argument. The answer was in twelve paragraphs, to the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and ninth of which demurrers were respectively sustained. The questions arising upon these demurrers are presented here. The first paragraph of the answer was to the suit by Rogers, and alleged that John C. Rogers, the original plaintiff’, was dead at the commencement of the suit. The record shows that before the answer was filed, it was suggested of record that John C. Rogers, the original plaintiff’, had died after the commencement of the suit, and that thereupon William II. Rogers, his executor, was substituted as a plaintiff by leave of the court. No exception was taken to this action of the court by the defendants, and indeed no objection appears to have been made to it. The proper party having thus become a plaintiff’ without — 5 — objection, it was too iate to make any question as to John G. Rogers being dead when the suit was commenced. It is therefore needless to determine whether, under different circumstances, the paragraph would have been good, pleaded with other paragraphs in bar of the suit. The third paragraph of the answer averred that the appeal in which the bond was filed was taken by the defendant Solomon Sturgis, from a judgment rendered in favor of the plaintiffs against Boioen, without the knowledge or consent of Boioen; that the appeal was null and void, and gave the Supreme Court no jurisdiction. A transcript of the record filed in this court on the appeal is annexed to the paragraph and made a part of it. The fourth paragraph alleged that the judgments of the Marion Circuit Court against Sturgis, Ellis and Bowen were void for the want of jurisdiction of the person of either said Sturgis, Ellis or Bowen, and a transcript of the proceedings and judgments was made part of the paragraph. The fifth alleged that the judgment against Bowen was wholly unauthorized and unwarranted, and the sixth alleged that the bond was filed in an appeal by Bowen from a decision and judgment of the Marion Circuit Court made on the application of William Sturgis to set aside a judgment by default against Boioen, and it is claimed that the bond and all proceedings under it are void, because the appeal clid not confer upon this court jurisdiction of the cause. A transcript of all the proceedings was also made part of the fifth and sixth paragraphs. The ninth alleged that the bond, except as to the plaintiff Rogers, was without consideration, for the reason that the judgments of the other plaintiffs, rendered in the Marion Circuit Court, were obtained without due notice to either Ellis or Sturgis, the defendants thereto, and without appearance, and that the judgment against Boioen was also void, and the appeal therefore gave this court no jurisdiction. A transcript of the proceedings of the Marion Circuit Court was also made a part of the ninth paragraph. — 6 — The transcript filed with the answer shows an attachment suit commenced September 21,1855, by Rogers against Sturgis and JEllis, and a summons issued against the Central Bank as garnishee and served, upon its cashier, upon an affidavit that the bank was indebted to the defendant, William Sturgis. This summons was returnable to the October term of the Marion Circuit Court, (fifth Monday of October,) as was also the summons against the principal defendants, which was served on Mlis at his residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 22d of September, but was never served on Sturgis, so far as appears. On the third day of the October term of that court, (October 31,) Sturgis appeared to and answered the complaint of Rogers. On the nest day a summons issued against Bonoen as garnishee, which was served on the same day, and was returnable to the May term of the court. On the following day the answer of the bank as garnishee was filed by Bowen “ as president” thereof. This answer shows that Sturgis was the owner of $40,000 of the capital stock of the bank and was indebted to it about $3,300. Bowen never answered the garnishee process against him as to Ms individual indebtedness. On the 19th and 20th of December the other plaintiffs filed complaints and claims “under said attachment suit,” as is stated by the clerk in making up the transcript, but it does not appear by the record that they, or any of them, became or applied to become parties to the original action commenced by Rogers. They filed affidavits and undertakings, alleging in the former the non-residence of Ellis and Sturgis, and their complaints are as usual in independent suits. On the 25th of January, 1856, Rogers replied to the answer of Sturgis, and a default was-, on Ms motion, obtained against both Sturgis and Ellis, and a judgment was rendered in favor of Rogers for $2,920 40. And, upon “ evidence of the plaintiff in reference to the indebtedness of the garnishee, Ozias Bowen, president of the Central Bank,” the court found that the sum of $36,496 03, “admitted by the answer of said garnishee,” is due from said garnishee to Ellis and Sturgis, and a proper judgment was accordingly — 7 — entered for that sum in favor of Rogers against “Ozias Boioen, president of the Central Bank,” with an order “ that after the payment of the costs of this proceeding, and the amounts that are due to the several plaintiffs in the proceedings,” &e., the residue be paid to Ellis and Sturgis. The other creditors, plaintiffs here, took their separate judgments against Sturgis and Ellis by default at the same term, on the 23d of January, 1856. At the next term of the Marion Circuit Court, on the 14th of July, 1856, Ellis and Sturgis appeared and moved to set aside the judgment against the garnishee, upon the ground that it was for a less sum than was due. This motion was overruled and the ruling excepted to. A transcript of all the proceedings was filed in this court on the 25th of May, 1858, with the assignment of errors thereon thus: “ William Sturgis and Rowland Ellis v. John C. Rogers, as attaching creditors,” and (here naming all the plaintiffs in the present case.) “Ozias Bowen as president of the Central Bank of Indianapolis v. John C. Rogers.” “The above named Bowen, as president, and Ellis and Sturgis come and say that in the foregoing reeord and proceedings there is manifest error,” &c. The bond sued on was filed at the same time, and an order of supersedeas was granted as follows: “William Sturgis and Rowland Ellis v. John C. Rogers et al. “By a judge of the Supreme Court. “Ordered that execution and all proceedings on the judgment below be stayed for three years unless otherwise ordered by this court, so soon as the appellants- shall have executed bond according to law. “J. M. Hanna, Judge S. C.” On the 1st of December, 1860, there was a determination of the appeal in this court, as appears by a copy of the opinion and judgment annexed to the complaint. Though numerous errors had been assigned, it was determined that the only — 8 — question which was then presented in the record, and which could be considered here, was upon the overruling of the motion to set aside the judgment against the garnishee. The judgment of this court was “that the judgment in the above entitled cause be in all things affirmed, with one per cent, damages.” The opinion is reported in 16 Ind. 18. "We have thought proper to state so much of the record quite fully, that the application of the principles of law which it seems to us govern the ease may be readily seen. The Central Bank was an institution, organized under our general banking law. The 24th section of that act authorizes all suits against any such banking association to be brought “against the president thereof.” In his official capacity he is, by law, the representative of the bank in all judicial proceedings, either in its behalf or against it. 1 G. & H. 129, 130. In that capacity he was the only proper person to answer when the bank was garnisheed. The answer was filed by him “as president,” and was concerning the liability of the bank exclusively, and it was upon that answer, and evidence offered by Rogers, that judgment against the garnishee, was obtained, inform against “Ozias Bowen, president of the Central Bank.” To regard this as a judgment against Bowen in his private capacity we must disregard the whole tenor and obvious meaning of 'the record before us. If it should have been in form “ Ozias Bowen, as president,” &c., we can not but plainly perceive that there was a mere clerical omission, which can not, under the imperative provisions of our code, operate to the detriment of any party in this court. The assignment of errors showed that Bowen, as president of the bank, appealed, and that that appeal by him was only as against Rogers. If the judgment against the ■garnishee was available to other parties than Rogers, it is too clear for controversy that the gaxmshee’s appeal from it, if followed by a supersedeas, would necessarily affect them all. Though standing in form in the name of Rogers, yet — 9 — it must inure, in substance, to tbe joint benefit of all tbe attaching plaintiffs who had become parties to the suit, and had obtainedvalid judgments against the principal defendants. Though the garnishee appealing might not wish to question the correctness of the proceedings and judgment against him as to any plaintiff but Rogers, (and if Rogers’ judgment against the principal defendants was void, perhaps he must have questioned it, in order to claim protection from liability to his creditors, the defendants in the attachment,) yet the judgment was an entire thing, incapable of subdivision in its enforcement, and a stay of proceedings upon it must of necessity operate upon the whole of it. Of course, then, the bond required by law to obtain such stay of proceedings must be for the benefit of all who had a beneficial interest in the judgment appealed from. To determine whether any of the present plaintiffs but Rogers can maintain a suit upon the appeal bond it is important to inquire whether they became pai’ties to the attachment suit commenced by Rogers. This must be ascertained exclusively by an inspection of the record. It can appear in no other way. Those persons might have become parties to that suit so as to share with Rogers in the judgment against the garnishee, (2 G. & H., § 186, p. 147,) or each of them might have chosen to commence an independent suit. Tothing upon the subject can be legally infei’red from the fact that they filed their complaints and took their judgments at the same term at which the suit by Rogers was pending and determined, for that they might lawfully do without becoming parties to his suit. Nor are we aided by the statement of the clerk made in the transcript, after the record in the Rogers ease, that “ the following cases are filed as claims under said attachment,” followed by transcripts of the records of those other cases. The fact as to who have become parties to a suit in a court of record cannot rest merely in the memory of the clerk. The-record itself must disclose it. The judgment against the garnishee, — 10 — thongli in favor of Rogers alone, but containing an order for the payment out of the amount thereof of the several sums “that are duo to the several plaintiffs in the proceedings,” is the only indication in the entire record that Rogers, was not the sole party plaintiff' in that suit. But this alone is obviously insufficient, for it fails to show who those other parties were. And as the whole transcript is made part of the answer, and it discloses no party plaintiff but Rogers, there is no method of avoiding the conclusion that Rogers was legally the only party plaintiff to the attachment suit against Sturgis and Ellis, and the only party before us, therefore, having an interest in the judgment against the garnishee in that suit. The appeal by “Bowen as president” was and could only be fromTthe judgment against the garnishee. In that appeal he chose, as appears from the assignment of errors, to regard Rogers as the only party adverse to him in that judgment, and we have just seen that in so doing he was .clearly correct. At the same time Ellis and Sturgis appealed. There wei’e two appeals, though all the appellants filed the same transcript, and, as separate appellants, jointly assigned errors. These appeals were therefore docketed and disposed of as one cause in this court. But under our practice a bond is not essential to an-appeal—its office being merely to-stay proceedings upon the judgment appealed from. The garnishee might give bond and stay the proceedings upon the judgment against him as such, while Ellis and Sturgis might not care to stay the proceedings upon the personal judgments against them. Indeed, in the ease before us, as they were non-residents, and the writ of attachment which had issued was returned “ no property found,” it is not deemed probable that they would care to obtain a supersedeas of the judgments against them, provided the judgment against the garnishee was superseded, for it would seem probable that it was out of the latter only that satisfaction of any of the former could be obtained. — 11 — The bond sued upon, and copied m a previous part of this opinion, was given, and it seems a natural and pertinent question in this place, What is its legal effect? The statute, section 790 of the civil code, enacts that such a bond shall not “ be void for want of form or substance, or recital or condition, nor the principal or surety be discharged, but the principal and surety shall be bound by such bond,” &c., “to- the full extent contemplated by the law requiring the same, and the sureties to the amount specified therein.” The bond erroneously recited that a judgment had been rendered against Bowen, (as an individual,) from which he had prayed an appeal', when in fact no such judgment had been rendered, as we have seen, and no such appeal-therefrom was or could have been taken. The judgment was in legal effect against the bank, and the appeal was taken by the bank, though in name and form the judgment was against Bowen, president, &c., and the appeal by Bowen as president. It is’ easy to see that the recital is defective, and therefore cured by the statute. It is not possible to doubt that the sureties intended to become responsible upon an appeal from the judgment which was actually rendered against the garnishee. That the statute should hold them to that liability would be eminently just, and that its terms would have that effect at least, is, we think, a proposition too clear for controversy. But the- judge’s order t© stay proceedings was not made, in terms, applicable to the appeal by the garnishee, nor to the judgment against him. It was made in the appeal by ‘■‘■William Sturgis and Rowland Ellis v. John C. Rogers et al.,” and related to all the judgments brought here for review by the appellants, and their - appeal was from all the judgments rendered in favor of the present plaintiffs. Of course a stay of proceedings upon Rogers’ judgment would also, incidentally, stay proceedings upon the judgment against the garnishee. It must not be omitted to say that} in practice, the-judges order precedes the filing of the bond,. — 12 — and.becomes operative only upon the occurrence of the latter event, and when a copy of it is certified to the court from which the cause has been appealed. 2 G. & H., 274. In form, the judgment from which Bowen, as president, had appealed, and to which the appeal bond, by its terms, was plainly intendéd to apply, was not included among the judgments superseded. But still that judgment was, by consequence, as effectually stayed as if the supersedeas had, in terms, been applicable to it. The thing sought, astay of proceedings upon the judgment, was obtained. This must be regarded rather than the mere form by which it was accomplished. As that judgment was affirmed by this court, the obligors in the bond became liable'to Rogers, the attaching plaintiff, to the extent of his judgment against the attachment defendants. But no liability accrued to the other plaintiffs in the present cause, for the reason that they had never become parties to the attachment suit instituted by Rogers, and therefore had no interest whatever in the judgment against the garnishee which was affirmed. It follows that the ninth paragraph of the answer constituted a perfect bar to any recovery by any of the plaintiffs except Rogers. There was no eiT or in sustaining the demurrer to it, nevertheless, for the same matter was available under the general denial, which was also pleaded. The rulings upon the demurrers to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth paragraphs were correct, inasmuch as those paragraphs were pleaded in bar of the entire suit, yet disclosed nothing to bar a recovery by Rogers. The conclusion already expressed of course proceeds upon the ground that the appeal bond was applicable to the appeal by the garnishee only, and not to the appeal by Sturgis and Ellis from the several judgments rendered against them in favor of the several parties who are plaintiffs in the present suit: Such is the opinion entertained by the court. The statute already cited is, it must be conceded, exceedingly comprehensive. It was intended to cure defective bonds, and to impart to them whatever they — 13 — lacked of sufficiency in form, substance, recital or condition, the effect which they would have by law, if perfect in those particulars. But there is nothing in the language necessarily indicating a design to impart to the instrument an effect distinctly different from that which was actually contemplated by the parties who executed it, or to impose upon them a liability which obviously they, never intended to assume. It would be an anomaly in legislation if it was intended to make the obligors of a bond executed plainly for the purposes of an appeal by A, the involuntary sureties for B, in an appeal by him from a judgment to which A, was not a party. This, instead of supplying defects in a contract intended to be made, which is all that the statute attempts by its terms to do, would be creating a new and very different contract, and binding parties to perform it, without so much as consulting them. Such an interpretation of a statute will be given by the courts only when it will not possibly admit of any other. It is due to the learned counsel for the appellees to say that we have not understood 'them to contend that the obligors are liable otherwise than for the judgment affirmed against the garnishee. We have considered this question because, in the view which we have taken of the case,, its consideration was necessary to a correct judgment. What we have said concerning the ninth paragraph of the answer is applicable to the assignment of error upon the refusal of the court below to grant a new trial. There was a finding in favor of the several plaintiffs for the amounts of their respective judgments against Sturgis and EUis, with interest thereon. The transcript of those proceedings against Sturgis and Ellis offered in evidence, was the same as that annexed to the answer, the effect of which we have already considered. Inasmuch as Rogers was the only plaintiff’ in the attachment, the other plaintiffs in this suit had no interest in the judgment rendered therein against the garnishee, and consequently could not recover upon the bond. As to them, the finding was contrary to the evidence, — 14 — and a new trial should have been granted. As to Rogers, the finding was right, unless his judgment against Sturgis and Ellis was altogether void, as is insisted. But it is urged that all inquiry as to the validity of that judgment is closed by the judgment of this court affirming it on appeal. That may be so. Indeed, it seems to us to be a proposition too clear to need much illustration. On appeal this court undoubtedly had jurisdiction of the subject matter, of the parties and of the question, it being raised by the assignment of errors, and by law it had power to affirm or reverse. It affirmed. A judgment of a court of nisi prius rendered under such circumstances could never be called in question collaterally before the same or any other court. The law is so settled, if anything can be deemed at rest. It must be so also as to the judgments of the court of last resort, where it has jurisdiction, though it mistake the law and err in its judgment. The rule is as essential in the one case as in the other to the repose of society, and the stability of private lights. To say that a judgment of affirmance here, within the power of the court to render, when the parties are before the court, and the case is brought within its lawful jurisdiction, is not a final end of that litigation, would be a startling doctrine, asserting that a cause can never have a final and binding determination. We can therefore only say that that judgment has been affirmed by this court, acting within its jurisdiction, and the question of its validity thus forever settled in its favor. A question is made as to the admissibility of parol evidence in favor of the plaintiffs, other than Rogers, showing that the bond sued on was filed in the appeal already spoken of, and that a blank was left in it to insert their names. We think the admission of the evidence, though perhaps it was unimportant under the allegations of the complaint, was not an error which should reverse the cause. The judgment in favor of the appellee Rogers is affirmed, with costs. The several judgments in favor of the — 15 — other appellees are reversed, with costs, and as to them the cause is remanded for a new trial. J. E. McDonald, A. L. Roache and J. P. Usher, for appellants. T. A. Hendricks and 0. B. Hord, for appellees.