City of Evansville v. Senhenn

McCabe, C. J. The appellee sued the appellant in the superior court of Vanderburg county for damages arising from a personal injury caused by the falling of — 43 — a pile of lumber through the alleged negligence of appellant, resulting in the loss of appellee’s foot, in August, 1874, when she was but about five years old. The venue was changed to the Warrick Circuit Court, where a trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the defendant. On an appeal to this court that judgment was reversed for error in instructing the jury. Senhenn v. City of Evansville, 140 Ind. 675. On the return of the case to the circuit court another trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff over defendant’s motion for a new trial. The only error as-signed is upon the action of the trial court in overruling appellant’s motion for a new trial. The only errors complained of and urged by appellant under that motion are the giving and refusal of certain instructions by the trial court. One of the most important questions in the case arises upon the court’s refusal to give instruction number thirteen asked by the appellant, reading as follows: “If the plaintiff’s parents knew that the pile of lumber was in the street, and was dangerous and liable to fall, then it was their duty to exercise reasonable care in keeping the plaintiff away from the same;, and if they failed to exercise such reasonable care, and such failure directly contributed to the injury, then the plaintiff cannot recover.” The evidence was such as to make this instruction applicable if it expresses the law correctly on the facts. This instruction raises one of the most vexed questions in the law. It is well settled that an infant of tender years is deemed in law not possessed of sufficient discretion to make it guilty of negligence for its failure to exercise due care for its own safety. Shearman & Eedfield on negligence (3d ed.), 48 and note 1; 2 Thomp. Neg. 1181. On that point there is no conflict of opinion. But there is a sharp conflict of opinion between courts of last re — 44 — sort as to whether the negligence of the parent or guardian having the custody and control of such infant in exposing it to danger from the negligence of others whereby it is injured, can be attributed to such infant so as to defeat its right of recovery therefor. It is contended by appellee’s counsel, in support of the correctness of the court’s action, that the overwhelming weight of judicial decisions condemns the instruction, while appellant contends that this court is committed to the doctrine expressed by the instruction in a long line of its own decisions in proof of which we are cited to the cases of Pittsburg, etc., R. W. Co. v. Vining’s Admr., 27 Ind. 513; Lafayette, etc., R. R. Co. v. Huffman, 28 Ind. 287; Jeffersonville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Bowen, 40 Ind. 545; Hathaway v. Toledo, etc., R. W. Co., 46 Ind. 25; Evansville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Wolf, 59 Ind. 89; Mayhew v. Burns, 103 Ind. 328; Indianapolis, etc., R. W. Co. v. Pitzer, 109 Ind. 179; Louisville, etc., R. W. Co. v. Shanks, 132 Ind. 395; Indianapolis, etc., R. W. Co. v. Wilson, 134 Ind. 95; Cleveland, etc., R. W. Co. v. Keely, 138 Ind. 600. But it is contended by appellant’s counsel that the question here involved, namely, whether the contributory negligence of the parents of an infant plaintiff of such tender years as incapacitates it to exercise due care is imputable to the child, was not presented, considered, or decided in any of these cases. This claim is a little too broad. That question may not have been presented or considered in any of those cases, and we are inclined to think that is true. But in two of the cases only was it decided. It is recognized as established law everywhere that in an action by a parent on account of the death of such an infant of tender years under statutes for the death of the child caused by the negligence of the defendant and for loss of services where death did not ensue, at common law, — 45 — t he parent’s negligence through which the child was exposed to the danger contributing to the injury defeats the parent’s action, it being recognized that there is no difference in the effect of such negligence on the part of the parent in such an action and the effect of his negligence contributing to an injury to his own person or property. In either case he attempts to found an action for damages on his own negligence and wrong, which would be manifestly unjust as well as against principle and authority. But where the child brings the action to recover damages for its own injury, where the judgment recovered must inure to its own exclusive benefit, where its improvident actions contributed to such injury, manifestly a very different question is presented. The law taking cognizance of its want of discretion, and that its tender years renders it impossible for it to know any better, exempts*it from the charge of negligence. Upon what principle then, we are led to inquire, may its parent’s, guardian’s or custodian’s negligence be imputed to .it so as to take away its property in its cause of action for defendant’s negligence making it a cripple for life? We know of none unless this court ■ is by its previous decisions irretrievably committed to that doctrine. The first case cited above, viz., Pittsburg, etc., R. W. Co. v. Vining’s Admr., supra, was a case where the father as administrator, recovered the judgment for the death of his son through the negligence of the defendant railway company. The judgment was rfe-' versed for error in overruling a demurrer to the complaint assigning for cause insufficiency of facts; (2) that the plaintiff had no legal capacity to sue as administrator of his infant son. It was held that the right of action by the statute was in the father as such, and not in the administrator, and it was further — 46 — held that the complaint was bad for failure to allege that the parents of the infant, which was seven years of age, were free from contributory negligence, and it was also held that the evidence was insufficient.. This decision was clearly right, because under the statute the cause of action, if any existed, belonged to the father as such. That right of action for the negligence of the defendant could only be maintained by him by allegation and proof that his own negligence did not contribute to the injury sued for, as in any other suit by him for negligence. There was not any question made, as there could not have been made any question in the case as to the imputability of the parent’s negligence to the injured child. Yet this court, in support- of its conclusion, cited the leading case, and the one which originated the doctrine of imputing the negligence of the parent or custodian to the child, namely, Hartfield v. Roper, 21 (N. Y.) Wend. 615 decided by the supreme court of New York in 1839. While that case decides that the contributory negligence of the parent may defeat an action for injury through negligence to an infant who is non sui juris, making it to that extent applicable, and affords support to the conclusion reached in the Vining case, yet Hartfield v. Roper, supra, goes further, and originates the doctrine of the imputability of the parent’s negligence to the child so as to defeat its right of action, a proposition not involved in the Yining case. The next case in which any question of the sort was involved, coming up before this court, was Lafayette, etc., R. R. Co. v. Huffman, supra, and that case did involve the precise question here involved, but it appears from the case that this court did not think any other or different question was presented than that presented and decided in the Yining case. There is not a word in the case that indicates that this court in — 47 — tended to decide that an infant non sui juris injured by-negligence is chargeable with the negligence of its parents contributing to its injury. The case is decided upon the theory, simply, that the parent’s negligence contributing to the injury defeats the action. The •only authority cited for such conclusion is the Yining case, and that this court supposed it was deciding nothing but the same question that had been decided by it in that case is clearly evidenced by. the language in reference thereto in the Huffman case as follows: ■“We are clear that the law was correctly stated, [in the Yining case] and its application to this case cannot he questioned.” That case was correctly decided, as we have already seen, and that seems to be all this court supposed it was deciding in the Huffman case, the opinion being delivered in both cases by the same judge, Ray. But the latter case necessarily decides an entirely different question than the former, namely, that the negligence of the parent may be imputed to the injured child who is non sui juris so as to defeat its action for its own injury caused by a defendant’s negligence.. The most cogent reasons ought to be shown why ■such an inconsiderate judgment should bind this court to a rule thus inadvertently established, and without consideration of the real question involved and decided. We are now for the first time in the history of •our court asked to give the question consideration, and say whether in our judgment, the law imputes the parent’s negligence to the child non sui juris in such an action. The decision in the Huffman case is the principal barrier to such consideration and decision, and while it is the policy of the law not to depart from decisions previously made by a court of last resort, yet the same law does require such departure where adherence to such decisions would be productive of more — 48 — evil than the departure therefrom, and the establishment of the better and sounder rule. It is very seldom that a departure from decisions which establish a rule of property can be justified. But the decision in the Huffman case does not establish a rule of property. The only other case in this court that can be construed into holding’to the doctrine necessarily involved in the decision in the Huffman case is Hathaway v. Toledo, etc., R. W. Co., 46 Ind. 25. That case did necessarily involve the same question involved and decided in the Huffman case. And for the first time' this court seemed to realize what had been decided without consideration in the Huffman case in the following language by Downey, J., delivering the' opinion of the court, namely: “It seems harsh to apply this doctrine to a case where damage occurs to a child, and yet the application is made, and this whether the fault is that of the child itself or the. negligence of the person under whose immediate care it is. * * * This doctrine is sanctioned by several decisions-of this court. Pittsburgh, etc., R. W. Co. v. Vining’s Admr., 27 Ind. 513; Lafayette, etc., R. R. Co. v. Huffman, 28 Ind. 287; Jeffersonville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Bowen, 40 Ind. 545.” This language sounds more like an apology than the decision of a great principle. All the other cases decided by this court to which we have been referred, named in the forepart of this, opinion, including the Bowen case in 40 Ind., the last .case cited in the foregoing quotation with certain exceptions hereinafter mentioned, are cases where the parent sues for damages to him on account of loss of’ services at common law or under the statute, and the-rule was correctly applied that his negligence in exposing his child contributing to the injury defeated his action, which has no influence whatever on the question now before us. But the marked distinction — 49 — between the two classes of cases was. wholly lost sight of by this court in deciding the Huffman case and the Hathaway case. The observations of C. J. Beasley in discussing Hartfield v. Roper, supra, speaking for the supreme court of New Jersey, are so pertinent that we adopt them. “The problem is, whether an infant of tender years can be vicariously negligent, so as to deprive itself of a remedy that it would otherwise be entitled to. In some of the American states this question has been answered by the courts in the affirmative, and in others in the negative. To the former of tlíese classes belongs the decision in Hartfield v. Roper reported in 21 Wend. 615. This case appears to have been one of first impression on this subject, and it is to be regarded, not only as the precursor, but as the parent of all the cases of the same strain that have since appeared. “The inquiry with respect to the effect of the negligence of the custodian of the infant, too young to be intelligent of situations and circumstances, was directly presented for decision in the primary case thus referred to. * * * * It is obvious that the judicial theory was, that the infant was, through the medium of its custodian, the doer, in part, of its own misfortune, and that, consequently, by force of the well known rule, under such (traditions, he had no right to an action. This, of course, was visiting the child for the neglect of the custodian, and such infliction is justified in the case cited in this wise: ‘The infant,’ says the court, ‘is not sni juris. He belongs to another, to whom discretion in the care of his person is exclusively confided. That person is keeper and agent for this purpose; in respect to third persons his act must be deemed that of the infant; his neglects the infant’s neglect.’ — 50 — “It will be observed that the entire context of this quotation is the statement of a single fact, and a deduction from it,—the premise being-, that the child must be in the care and charge of an adult, and the inference being that, for that reason, the neglects of the adult are the neglects of the infant. But surely this is, conspicuously, a non sequitur. How does the custody of the infant justify, or lead to, the imputation of another’s fault to him? The law, natural and civil, puts the infant under the care of the adult, biyt how can this right to care for and protect be construed into a right to waive, or forfeit any of the legal rights of the infant? The capacity to make such waiver or forfeiture is not a necessary, or even convenient, incident of this office of the adult, but, on the contrary, is quite inconsistent with it, for the power to protect is the opposite of the power to harm, either by act or omission. In this case in Wendell it is evident that the rule of law enunciated by it is founded in the theory that the custodian of the infant is the agent of the infant; but this is a mere assumption without legal basis, for such custodian is the agent, not of the. infant, but of the law. If such supposed agency existed, it would embrace many interests of the Infant, and could not be confined to the single instance where an injury is inflicted by the co-operative tort of the guardian. And yet it seems certain that such custodian cannot surrender or impair a single right of any kind that is vested in the child, nor impose any legal burden upon it. If a mother traveling with her child in her arms should agree with a railway company, that in case of an accident to such infant by reason of the joint negligence of herself and the company, the latter should not be liable to a suit by the child, such an engagement would be' plainly invalid on two grounds—first, the contract would be contra tono» — 51 — ■mores, and, second, because the mother was not the agent of the child authorized to enter into the agreement. Nevertheless, the position has been deemed defensible, that the same evil consequences to the infant will follow from the negligence of the mother in the absence of such supposed contract, as would have resulted if such contract should have been made, and should have been held valid. “In fact, this doctrine of the immutability of the misfeasance of the keeper of the child to the child itself, is deemed to be a pure interpolation into' the law, for until the case under criticism it was absolutely unknown; nor is it sustained by legal analogies. Infants have always been the particular objects of the favor and protection of the law. In the language of an ancient authority this doctrine is thus expressed; “The common principle is, that an infant in all things which sound in his benefit shall have favor and preferment in law as well as another man, but shall not be prejudiced by anything in his disadvantage.7 9 Yin. Abr. 374. * * * * Nothing could be more to the prejudice of an infant than to convert, by construction of law, the connection between himself and his custodian into an agency to which the harsh rule of respondeat superior should be applicable. The answer-' ableness of the principal for the authorized acts of his agent is not so much the dictate of natural justice as of public policy, and has arisen, with some propriety, from the circumstances, that the creation of the agency is a voluntary act, and that it can be controlled and ended at the will of its creator. But in the relationship between the infant and its keeper, all these decisive characteristics are wholly wanting. The law imposes the keeper upon the child, who, of course, can neither control nor remove him, and the injustice, therefore, of making the latter responsible. — 52 — in any measure whatever, for the torts of the former, would seem to be quite evident. Such subjectivity would be hostile, in every respect, to the natural rights of the infant, and, consequently, cannot, with any show ofreason, be introduced into that provision which both necessity and law establish for his protection. Nor can it be said that its existence is necessary to give just enforcement to the rights of others. When it happens that both the infant and its custodian have been injured by the co-operative negligence of such custodian and. a third party, it seems reasonable, at least in some degree, that the latter should be enabled to say to the custodian, you and I by our common carelessness, have done this wrong, and therefore, neither can look to the other for redress; but when such wrongdoer says to the infant, your guardian and I, by our joint misconduct, have brought this loss upon you, consequently you have no right of a.ction against me, but you must look for indemnification to your guardian alone, a proposition is stated that appears to be without any basis either in good sense or laiv. The conversion of the infant, who is entirely free from fault, into a wrongdoer, by imputation, is a logical contrivance uncongenial with the spirit of jurisprudence. The sensible and legal doctrine is this, an infant of tender years cannot be charged with negligence; nor can he be so charged with the commission of such fault by substitution, for he is incapable of appointing an agent, the consequence being that he can, in no case, be considered to be the blamable cause, either in whole or in part, of his own injury. There is no injustice, nor hardship, in requiring all wrongdoers to be answerable to a person who is incapable either of self protection or of being a participator in their misfeasance. “Nor is it to be overlooked that the theory here re — 53 — pudiated, if it should be adopted, would go the length of making an infant in its nurse’s arms answerable for all the negligences of such nurse while thus employed in its service. * * * * if the neglects of the guardian are to be regarded as the neglects of the infant, as was asserted in the New York decision, it would, from logical necessity, follow, that the infant must indemnify those who should be harmed by such neglects. That such a doctrine has never prevailed is conclusively shown by the fact that in the reports there is no indication that such a suit has ever been brought. “It has already been observed that judicial opinion, touching the subject just discussed, is in a state of direct antagonism, and it would, therefore, serve no useful purpose to refer to any of them. It is sufficient to say, that the leading text writers have concluded that the weight of such authority is adverse to the doctrine that an infant can become, in any wise, a tortfeasor by imputation. 1 Shearm. & R., Neg. 75; Whart. Neg., section 311; 2 Wood Railway Law, p. 1284.” Newman v. Phillipsburgh Horse Car R. R. Co., 52 N. J. L. 446, 8 L. R. A. 842. In the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Georgia, Vermont, Louisiana, Virginia, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, New Jersey, and perhaps others, the doctrine of Hart-field v. Roper has been distinctly repudiated. The supreme court of North Carolina says: “The imputation of the negligence of parents and guardians to children of tender age is, says Shearman & Redfield (Vol. 1, 74), an invention of the supreme court of New York in the * * case of Hartfield v. Roper, 21 Wend. 615, and has been followed in many of the decisions of that state, although it is said — 54 — by these authors to be founded upon a dictum, which has only been assumed to be the law by the court of last resort, Jbut never squarely presented to that tribunal for decision. And they further remark that it may well be doubted whether the question has ever been fully argued anywhere, and that the' result of their examination of the cases is to satisfy them ‘that the last of the long series of so called decisions on this, point is like' the first, a mere dictum, uttered without hearing argument, and without consideration.’ ” Bottoms v. Seaboard, etc., R. R. Co., 114 (N. C.) 699, 25 L. R. A. 784. In reviewing the case of Hartfield v. Roper, supra, Mr. Beach says, that the doctrine, as applied to children too young to exercise discretion, is an anomaly, and in striking contrast with the case of a donkey which is carelessly exposed in the highway, and negligently run down and injured, and also with the case of oysters carelessly placed in the bed of a river, and injured by the negligent operation of a vessel, in both of which cases actions have been maintained. And he forcibly observes that under the principle referred to, the child, were he an ass or oyster, would secure a. protection which is denied him as a human being of tender years. Beach Contrib. Neg., section 415. This, author in his examination of the doctrine, remarks: “It is not true that an infant is not sui juris. In the sense of being entitled to maintain an action for his own benefit he is sui juris. As far as his, right of action is concerned he is in no respect the chattel of his father. * * * The judgment [when suing by guardian or next friend] if any is recovered,, is the property of the minor.” Beach Contrib. Neg. (2d ed.) section 128. The supreme court of Illinois, was classed by text writers and other courts as was, Indiana, as holding to the doctrine of Hartfield. v. — 55 — Roper. But tbe supreme court of Illinois in Chicago, etc., R. W. Co. v. Wilcox, 138 Ill. 370, after reviewing twelve Illinois decisions decided in 1891 against tbe rule in Hartfield v. Roper and said: “It seems to be assumed by several of tbe writers on tbe subject that tbis court is committed to tbe doctrine that in a suit by a child to recover damages caused by tbe negligence of tbe defendant, tbe negligence of tbe plaintiff’s parents or custodians may be imputed to tbe plaintiff in support of tbe defense of contributory negligence. While there is in some of tbe cases some foundation for tbis assumption, yet in our opinion, tbe question has never been so considered or determined by tbis court as to make it tbe settled rule in tbis state. Most of tbe cases to which reference is made as supporting said doctrine were suits brought by a parent in bis own right or as tbe legal representative of tbe child, where tbe death of tbe child was alleged to have been caused by tbe negligence of tbe defendant.” After reviewing tbe Illinois cases, that court goes on to say: “It is apparent that in none of the cases above mentioned was there any occasion for tbe court to determine whether, as a rule of law, tbe negligence of tbe plaintiff’s parents or custodian would sustain tbe defense of contributory negligence, nor is there any attempt in any of them to consider or discuss tbe rule. In several of them language is used which would seem to imply a tacit recognition of tbe doctrine of imputed negligence, but in none of them was tbe adoption of that doctrine essential to tbe decision, nor can we suppose from tbe language used that tbe court intended to commit itself definitely to an affirmance of that doctrine.” Tbe rule denying tbe doctrine of imputed negligence is now recognized and enforced by tbe courts of many of tbe states, and is supported by tbe rea — 56 — soning and authority of text writers whose opinions are justly entitled to a high degree of consideration. Among them may be mentioned Mr. Bishop, who in his recent treatise of Noncontract Law (section 582), says: “This new doctrine of imputed negligence, whereby the minor loses his suit, not only where he is negligent himself, but where his father, grandmother, or mother’s maid is negligent, is as flatly in conflict with the established system of the common law as anything possible to be suggested. The law never took away a child’s property because his father was poor, or shiftless or a scoundrel, or because anybody who could be made to respond to a suit for damages was a negligent custodian of it.. But, by the new doctrine, after a child has suffered damages, which confessedly, are as much his own as an estate conferred upon him by gift, and which he is entitled to obtain out of any one of several defendants who may have contributed to them, he cannot have them if his father, grandmother, or mother’s maid happens to be the one making the contribution. In these and other respects, it is submitted, the established principles stated in a preceding section are conclusive of the proposition that the doctrine now in contemplation does not belong to the common law.” To the same effect see Wharton Neg., section 314 et seq.; Beach on Contrib. Neg. sections 38-48. The supreme court of Georgia, in Atlanta, etc., R. W. Co. v. Gravitt, 93 Ga. 369, 26 L. R. A. 553, in an able opinion condemning Hartfield v. Roper, and speaking of this Illinois case, says: “In many of the text-books it is stated that the opposite view prevails in Illinois, and numerous decisions of the supreme court of that state are cited in support of this statement—seemingly with good reason. Be this as it may, however, that state, by its recent decisions, has ‘wheeled into — 57 — line,’ and joined the procession of those jurisdictions which have repudiated the doctrine of Hartfield v. Roper.” Iowa was also classed as one of the states holding to the doctrine of Hartfield v. Roper until Wymore v. Mahaska County, 78 Iowa 396, 6 L. R. A. 545, was decided in 1889. In that case the Iowa cases were reviewed, and it was held that the previous decisions ■of'that court had assumed, without deciding, that the true doctrine was that of Hartfield v. Roper, but in this latter decision the court distinctly and emphatically repudiated that doctrine. We therefore conclude that these authorities announce and declare the only correct rule of law upon the subject, and hence the cases of Lafayette, etc., R. R. Co. v. Huffman, 28 Ind. 287, and Hathaway v. Toledo, etc., R. W. Co., 46 Ind. 25, in so far as they conflict with the conclusion here reached, are overruled. It follows that the court did not err in refusing the thirteenth instruction. One of the cases decided by this court and cited by appellant’s counsel as sustaining the doctrine of Hartfield v. Roper is Louisville, etc., R. W. Co. v. Shanks, 132 Ind. 395. But that case does not so decide, but simply assumes that doctrine to be the law, both parties seeming to concede that such was the law. Another one of the list of cases cited by appellant ■calling for special mention is that of Indianapolis, etc., R. W. Co. v. Wilson, 134 Ind. 95. The complaint was held bad in that case because it showed that the plaintiff, a boy nine years of age, was guilty of contributory negligence, notwithstanding its general averment that he was free from contributory negligence, the ■complaint having proceeded on the theory that he had sufficient age and discretion to be chargeable with negligence. No question about the imputabil — 58 — ity of negligence is hinted at in the case, much less decided. The only other case in the list cited by appellant not embraced in the class where the parent sues as parent for the death of the child under the statute or at common law for loss of services is Cleveland, etc. R. W. Co. v. Keely, 138 Ind. 600. No question of the imputability of the negligence of the parents or custodians was involved or decided in that case. The plaintiff was a boy, who was eleven years old when the injury occurred, suing by next friend. This court in answer to the objection that the complaint did not allege due care on part of the boy’s parents, observed: “The appellee in this case is suing for his own injury. He was himself capable of going to school across the railroad, and his parents are not in the casé, nor is, it necessary that they should be.” The refusal of two other instructions is complained of by the appellant, reading as follows: “Seven. If at the time of the injuries complained of, the defendant had a contract with any person to furnish it with lumber by the year or otherwise, and to deliver the same to the city, and such person did in fact under such contract, deliver said lumber and pile the same in the street, then the act of such person or persons in delivering and piling the same was not the act of the city, and the city would not be liable for any negligence of such person in placing the same in the street, unless it had notice thereof, either express or implied.” “Twelfth. If the lumber mentioned in the complaint was not placed in the street by the city,, but was placed there by some one else, to be used in the construction or repair for a building, or for any other purpose, then the city is not liable for any accident resulting therefrom unless it had notice either express or implied, that the same was in the street, — 59 — and that the same was in an unsafe and dangerous condition.” The first paragraph of the complaint proceeded upon the theory, that the city itself placed the lumber in the street, and the second that it suffered it to exist after notice. There was evidence from which the jury might have inferred that the lumber was piled in the street by sawmill men with whom the city had a contract for its purchase and delivery. There was also evidence from which'the jury might have inferred that the lumber belonged to private persons, to be used in the erection of a dwelling house, and with which the city had nó connection whatever. The difficulty in determining the particular purpose for which and by whom the lumber was put in the street was greatly enhanced by the great length of time that had elapsed between the act and the bringing of the suit, being about twenty years. But if the city purchased lumber from outside parties, and such parties in delivering it, wrongfully piled it in the street, such vendor of the lumber in delivering it to the city was not the agent of the city, and the city was not liable for such act. The general rule is that a municipal corporation is not responsible for the negligence of an independent contractor with such corporation. Leeds v. City of Richmond, 102 Ind. 372; 2 Dillon Mun. Cor. (4th ed.) 1082. But, as was held in the former opinion in this case, a city which suffers an obstruction or cause of danger to remain for an unreasonable length of time upon its streets or sidewalks, so that the city might be presumed to have notice of the obstruction, would be liable therefor to the same extent as if the city had itself placed the obstruction or danger there in the first instance. Glantz v. City of South Bend, 106 — 60 — Ind. 305; Bullock v. Mayor, etc., 99 N. Y. 654, 2 N. E. 1 and notes. Both of the instructions seven and twelve involve the principle of the necessity of notice to the city, express or implied, of the existence of the obstruction or danger, where the same has not been made by the city or some of its agents. As was said by this court in City of Fort Wayne v. DeWitt, 47 Ind. 397, borrowing from Dillon on Mun. Cor., sections 789, 790 (2d ed.) “The ground of the action is either positive misfeasance on the part of the corporation, its officers, or servants, or by others under its authority, in doing acts which cause the street to be out of repair, in which case no other notice to the corporation of the condition of the street is essential to its liability, or the ground of action is the neglect of the corporation to put the streets in repair, or to remove obstructions therefrom, or to remedy causes of danger occasioned by the wrongful acts of others, in which cases notice of the condition of the street, or what is equivalent to notice, is necessary, as will presently be stated, to give to the person injured a right of action against the corporation, unless, indeed, the matter be otherwise regulated by statute * * * *. Where the duty to keep its streets in safe condition rests upon the corporation, it is liable for injuries caused by its neglect or omission to keep the streets in repair, as well as for those caused by defécts occasioned by the wrongful acts of others. But, as in such case, the basis of the action is negligence, notice to the corporation of the defect which caused the injury, or facts from which notice thereof may reasonably be inferred, or proof of circumstances from which it appears that the defect ought to have been known and remedied by it, is essential to liability; for in such cases the corporation, in the absence of controlling enactment, is — 61 — responsible only for a reasonable diligence to repair the defect or prevent accidents after the unsafe condition of the street is known, oí ought to have been known, to it, or its officers having authority to act respecting it.” To the same effect is Higert v. City of Greencastle, 43 Ind. 514. According to these principles, the circuit court erred in refusing to give instructions seven and twelve asked by the appellant. The giving and refusing of other instructions are complained of, but what we have already said covers about all the vital questions involved in such other instructions. The circuit court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to grant a new trial.