Shauver v. Phillips

Gavin, J. The appellant brought suit against the ap [13] pellees, alleging that he was the tenant in possession of certain real estate upon which appellees had wrongfully-entered and destroyed his garden and growing crops, dug up his well, undermined and thrown down his house. Appellees answered by a general denial, and also by am affirmative answer justifying their acts, alleging, in substance, that they were contractors building a free gravel road, for which gravel from the land occupied by appellant was required, on the price of which they could not agree with the owner, and that by proper proceedings appraisers were duly appointed, who appraised the value of the material to be taken and also assessed all damages to said land and to all growing crops thereon, and that they paid the same to the owner of the freehold, including therein all the items of damage for which plaintiff claims in this action, all of which was done with the “full knowledge and consent of appellant,” who made no claim therefor. It is also alleged that the gravel was removed in a careful and proper manner. To this answer a demurrer was overruled and the ruling excepted to, and this action of the court is assigned for error, several objections being presented to the pleading. It is urged that the answer does meet the entire complaint, particularly that concerning the undermining of the house. It does, however, plainly and specifically aver that all damages to the crops and land were assessed, which would, in the absence of any allegations as to any special rights in the house by the tenant, necessarily embrace damage to the house or the land, because the land includes the house. Griffin v. Ransdell, 71 Ind. 440; Price v. Malott, 85 Ind. 266. The answer also alleges that “every item mentioned by plaintiff” was fully paid for. No other construction can fairly be given to the pleading than that all items of [14] damage set forth in the complaint are included in the answer. The answer was not bad for a want of a copy of the assessment proceedings. Whatever may have been the rule at the time of the decision of the case cited by counsel, the rule has long been well settled that in pleading judicial proceedings, for all ordinary purposes, copies are unnecessary. Lytle v. Lytle, 37 Ind. 281; Becknell v. Becknell, 110 Ind. 42. It is also claimed that the answer is bad because of the fact that appellant was not a party to the assessment proceedings, and could not be bound thereby, and his damages have not been paid to him. It would doubtless have been the correct and safe practice to have made appellant a party to that proceeding, and to have apportioned the entire damages between the tenant and the owner of the freehold separately, according to their respective rights. Lewis on Em. Dom., section 515; Rentz v. City of Detroit, 48 Mich. 544; Burbridge v. New Albany, etc., R. R. Co., 9 Ind. 546. It has been held, however, that when, in the exercise of the right of eminent domain, full damages to the entire property have been assessed and paid to the landlord, an action would lie against him in favor of the tenant in possession for his proper share of the damages. Harris v. Howes, 75 Me. 436. In this case, it was competent for the tenant to consent that the full damages, both to the leasehold and the freehold, should be assessed and paid to the owner of the fee by the contractor, thus leaving the tenant and the landlord to apportion the damages between themselves. The question here is not whether appellant is estopped by mere passive acquiescence in the payment of his damages to the owner of the freehold, for the statement of pleading is much stronger than this, alleging that the [15] damages were so assessed and paid with appellant’s consent, which, taken in connection with the other allegations, necessarily involves his active participation in the adjustment to that extent. It would be highly inequitable to permit appellant to now claim from the appellees money which, with his consent, has already been paid to another. Rone of the objections presented to the answer are well founded. Upon the trial, one of the appellees, John Lally, testified “that he was frequently at the farm where the plaintiff lived while the men were taking gravel therefrom,” and that he directed his foreman to be careful about the property, particularly about the house. Counsel for the appellee attempt to justify the admission of this instruction to the foreman upon* three grounds: 1st. As a part of the res gestee. 2d. To show that there was no willful or malicious destruction of property.- 3d. Because defendants were not liable for damage caused by the unnecessary destruction of crops by persons working in or about the pit. We can not see that the admission of this evidence can be sustained upon any of these grounds. There was neither allegation in the complaint, nor proof on the trial, that the acts complained of were maliciously done. The appellees were responsible for the acts of their servants while engaged upon their work and within the scope of their employment, although they were not expressly authorized to do the act complained of, and appellees’ instructions to exercise care would not relieve them, if in fact the servants failed to exercise it. Carter v. Louisville, etc., R. W. Co., 98 Ind. 552; Pennsylvania Co. v. Weddle, 100 Ind. 138. [16] Filed Jan. 18, 1893. “The master’s orders to his servant can not relieve him from responsibility.” Wood on Master and Servant, section 283; Philadelphia, etc., R. R. Co. v. Derby, 14 How. (U. S.) 468. The evidence can not be justified as a part of the res gestae. This is a declaration in his own interest made by a party in the absence of the other party. It is true that declarations accompanying an act which explain or give character to the act are sometimes admissible, even although made in the absence of the other party and in the interest of the party making them. Creighton v. Hoppis, 99 Ind. 369; here there was no act done by the witness in connection with this statement, no accompanying act to which it could attach or which it could in any manner explain or modify. It simply appears that the witness was present at the farm where the work was going on, and that he gave these directions to his foreman. Whether any acts in furtherance of the work were at this time being done by any one, does not appear. In the case of Creighton v. Hoppis, supra, it is said: “We do not hold, nor mean to hold, that declarations unaccompanied by an act are admissible; on the contrary, we understand the rule to be against their admissibility.” The admission of this evidence was erroneous, nor are we able to say, from the record, that it was not harmful to the appellant. Some other questions are discussed which we do not now decide, because they may not arise again. The judgment is reversed, at the costs of the appellee, with instructions to the court to grant a new trial.