Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of S.B. v. Marion County Department of Child Services

OPINION VAIDIK, Judge. Case Summary In 2011, Magistrate Julianne Cartmel held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether K.G.'s ("Mother") parental rights to her four children should be terminated. Mother did not attend the hearing but she was represented by counsel. Magistrate Cartmel resigned after the hearing without reporting factual findings or conclusions to the juvenile court. The case was transferred to Magistrate Larry Bradley. Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record and reported factual findings and conclusions to Judge Marilyn Moores, who approved Magistrate Bradley's findings and conclusions and issued an order terminating Mother's parental rights. This case is one of a number of termination cases arising from Magistrate Cart-mel's resignation to reach this Court. The appellants challenge Magistrate Bradley's authority to report factual findings and conclusions without having presided over the underlying evidentiary hearing. In this specific case, Mother argues that the order terminating her parental rights violated Indiana law and her due-process rights because it was based on the findings of a magistrate who did not preside over the evidentiary hearing. We conclude that the termination order does not violate Indiana law because the relevant statutory section does not prohibit Magistrate Bradley's actions. We also conclude that the order does not violate Mother's due-process rights because the underlying evidence was undisputed and did not require Magistrate Bradley to make any credibility determinations. Specifically, there was no dispute that Mother had not successfully completed services and had not secured stable housing or employment. There was also no dispute that Mother had stopped visiting the children and communicating with caseworkers. We therefore find that Magistrate Bradley did not err by reviewing the record and reporting findings and conclusions to Judge Moores without holding a new evi-dentiary hearing. We affirm the termination of Mother's parental rights. Facts and Procedural History Mother has four sons: ten-year-old S.B., seven-year-old Ay.B., five-year-old A.B., and four-year-old K.B.1 In 2011, the local Marion County Department of Child Services ("MCDCS") learned that Mother was using drugs and the children had been living intermittently in a car and with relatives. The children were removed from Mother's care and adjudicated children in need of services ("CHINS"). Mother was ordered to complete a variety of services, including home-based counseling, home-based case management, and substance-abuse assessments. She was also required to visit the children regularly, obtain hous [421] ing and employment, and maintain contact with MCDCS. Mother ultimately failed to do all of these things. As a result, MCDCS filed a petition to terminate Mother's parental rights. Mother did not attend the evidentiary hearing on the termination petition, but she was represented by counsel at the hearing. At the hearing, caseworkers testified that Mother had stopped visiting the children and communicating with MCDCS. Caseworkers also testified that Mother had failed to complete services and had not secured stable housing or employment. The children, meanwhile, were thriving in a relative placement, and those involved with the case unanimously recommended the termination of Mother's rights. At the conclusion of the hearing, Magistrate Cart-mel took the matter under advisement. Magistrate Cartmel resigned after the hearing without reporting factual findings or conclusions to the juvenile court. The case was transferred to Magistrate Bradley, who reviewed the record and reported factual findings and conclusions to Judge Moores. Judge Moores approved Magistrate Bradley's findings and conelusions, and in March 2018, Judge Moores issued an order terminating Mother's rights to the children. Mother now appeals. Discussion and Decision On appeal, Mother argues that the termination order violated Indiana law and her due-process rights because it was based on the findings and conclusions of a magistrate who did not preside over the evidentiary hearing.2 Mother does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the termination order. The State argues that Mother waived her right to challenge Magistrate Bradley's review of the evidence by failing to object at the trial level. See Appellant's App. p. 15-16. We disagree. It does not appear Mother was even aware of Magistrate Bradley's involvement in the case until the termination order was entered. Mother properly challenged the termination order by filing a timely appeal. I. The Termination Order Mother argues that the termination order violated Indiana law, specifically Indiana Code section 33-23-5-9. Section 33-23-5-9 states that "except as provided under subsection (b), a magistrate shall report findings in an evidentiary hearing, a trial, or a jury's verdict to the court.[3] The court shall enter the final order." Nothing in Section 33-23-5-9 requires that the reporting magistrate be the magistrate who presided over the evidentiary hearing. We cannot agree that the order violated Section 33-23-5-9. Mother also argues that her due-process rights were violated because the termination order is based on findings of a magistrate who did not preside over the underlying evidentiary hearing. [422] Where evidence is heard by a trial judge who later dies or resigns from office before making findings or ruling on the evidence, the general rule is that a successor judge may not make findings or conclusions without a trial de novo. In re Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 845 (Ind.Ct.App.2009) (citing Farner v. Farner, 480 N.E.2d 251, 257 (Ind.Ct.App.1985)), trans. denied. "This is because 'a party to an action is entitled to a determination of the issues by the jury or judge that heard the evidence'" Farner, 480 N.E.2d at 257 {citation omitted). However, parties may stipulate that a successor judge should determine the case on the record, so long as the case does not involve credibility issues. Id. By contrast, "in a case where the resolution of a material issue requires a determination as to the weight and eredi-bility of testimony, due process requires that the trier of fact hear all of the evidence necessary to make a meaningful evaluation." Id. (citation omitted). When a successor judge attempts to resolve ered-ibility and weight-of-evidence issues without 'having heard the evidence and observed the demeanor of witnesses, the judge deprives the parties of an essential element of the trial process. Urbanational Developers, Inc. v. Shamrock Eng'g, Inc., 175 Ind.App. 416, 872 N.E.2d 742, 746 (1978) (citation omitted). "Such an undertaking by the successor judge is against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court and amounts to an abuse of discretion." Id. Here, the evidence at the underlying termination hearing was undisputed and there were no credibility determinations to be made.4 Mother did not attend the hearing. In Mother's absence, caseworkers testified that Mother had stopped visiting the children and communicating with MCDCS. Caseworkers also testified that Mother had failed to complete the required services and had not secured stable housing or employment. No witness testified that Mother should be given more time to complete services or that the children should be returned to Mother's care; in fact, those involved with the case testified unanimously that termination of Mother's rights was in the children's best interests. This is the type of case in which parties may stipulate that a substitute judge should determine the case on the record. Farner, 480 NE2d at 257-58. Despite the fact that the parties did not so stipulate here, the evidence in this case was undisputed and did not require Magistrate Bradley. to make any credibility determinations. For this reason, we cannot say that Magistrate Bradley erred in reporting. findings and conclusions to Judge Moores without holding a new evidentiary hearing. - Because this case implicates Mother's due-process rights, we note that any risk presented by the procedure used here is minimal. See In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 917 (Ind.2011) (Because both the State and the parent have substantial interests in termination proceedings, when determining what process is due, we consider the risk of error created by DCS's actions and [423] the trial court's actions.). Mother did not attend the evidentiary hearing but she was represented by counsel who had the opportunity to present evidence in Mother's favor and cross-examine witnesses.5 Affirmed. FRIEDLANDER, J., concurs. BAKER, J., concurs in resu1_t with separate opinion. A Footnotes [1] A.M.B. is the father of S.B., Ay.B., and A.B. His parental rights have been terminated and he does not participate in this appeal. The father of K.B. is unknown. Mother also gave birth to a fifth child, D.G., shortly after the children were removed from her care. Although D.G. has also been removed from Mother's care, he is not involved in this case. [2] Mother also implies that the termination order is deficient because the order says that Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record, but it is not clear what that review entailed. However, this Court has held that there is no "show your work" requirement in Indiana Code section 33-23-5-9. See R.W. v. Marion Cnty. Dep't of Child Servs., 892 N.E.2d 239, 244 (Ind.Ct.App.2008) ("'There is no 'show your work' requirement contained in Indiana Code section 33-23-5-9. The clear and unambiguous language of this statute simply requires a magistrate to report his or her findings, following an evidentiary hearing, to the trial court. It does not prescribe a specific method for doing so."). Magistrate Bradley was not required to explain the manner in which he reviewed the record. [3] Subsection (b) relates to criminal proceedings and is not relevant here. [4] For this reason, this case is distinguishable from another case stemming from Magistrate . Cartmel's resignation. In In re D.P., another panel of this Court concluded that a father's due-process rights were violated when Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record and reported factual findings and conclusions that Judge Moores later approved. See In re D.P., 994 N.E.2d 1228 (Ind.Ct.App.2013). However, in that case, the father testified and witnesses gave conflicting testimony regarding the child's removal and the father's ability to remedy the conditions leading to removal. Because the evidence was in conflict and credibility determinations had to be made, a new evidentiary hearing was required. [5] For the first time in her reply brief, Mother references Trial Rule 63(A), arguing that it does not allow Magistrate Bradley to review the record and recommend findings and conclusions. But a party may not raise an argument for the first time on appeal in her reply brief. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(C) ("No new issues shall be raised in the reply brief"). Nonetheless, we cannot agree that Trial Rule 63(A) prohibits Magistrate Bradley's actions. Rather, the rule "confers 'discretion' upon the successor judge to grant a new trial or new hearing ... when he is satisfied that he cannot perform the duties of the regular judge because he did not preside at the trial." Urbanational Developers, Inc., 372 N.E.2d at 746 (emphasis added).