Conyngham v. Smith

Weight, Ch. J. That the court below erred in sustaining this demurrer, “for the reason that plaintiff’s remedy was in equity, and not at law,” we entertain no doubt. Without quoting, we refer to the Revision of 1860, §§ 2608, 2613,2614-2616,2619, and the following cases: Trustees, &c., v. Forrest, 15 B. Monr., 172; Foster v. Watson, 16 Id., 387; Lansdale v. Mitchell, 14 Id., 349; and see, also, Revision of 1860, § 2876, as to causes of demurrer.. Under our system of practice, the different forms of action are abolished. The only form now known is called a “civil action;” and the proceedings thereunder are “ ordinary ” and “ equitable.” That a party institutes' an “ ordinary ” proceeding when it should have been “equitable,” or vice versa, affords no ground for abating or dismissing the action; nor can such an error be reached by demurrer. The appropriate remedy is by motion to have the action changed into the proper proceedings, such motion even being unnecessary when plaintiff seeks the change before the defendant has answered. But though the judge below may have based his ruling ■upon an untenable ground, it should not be reversed, if, for any of the causes assigned in the demurrer, the plaintiff failed to show facts sufficient to give him a cause of action. And the important inquiry is, whether plaintiff shows such a right or interest ,in that which constitutes the the cause of action as entitles him to sue at law in his own name. The several cases referred to by appellées, from Andrews v. Brown, 1 Iowa, 154, to McDowell v. Bartlett, 14 Id., 157 (and there are many of them), to sustain the points made by their demurrer, were made under the Code of 1851. If the same rule obtains under our present system of practice, it would still be questionable whether this demurrer should not have been overruled. For this case differs from any to which our attention has been called, in the fact that [474] the original party (plaintiff) to the judgment did, in writing, direct its payment to McMaster, who, in a writing, entirely formal and sufficient, assigned his interest in the judgment and bond to plaintiff. It-was not necessary that the judgment should have been assigned on the record, in order to invest the transferee with the right to collect it in his own name. Allen v. Newberry, 8 Iowa, 70. Nor was any peculiar form necessary, it being sufficient that the holder intended to and did part with his interest in the proceeds of such judgment, and invest it in another. The only matter of doubt would be whether such an assignment would carry with it the right at law to the appeal bond or any other security which the assignor might have for its payment. That such security would pass in equity is quite well settled. Green v. Hart, 1 Johns., 580; 9 Wend., 80; 13 Barb., 230; 23 Id., 461; 5 Cow., 202; 10 S. & M. 631. What are the plaintiff’s rights, however, upon the assumption that he is invoking the aid of a legal tribunal? The- petition avers that Nutter did verbally sell to McMaster (who, in writing, assigned the same to plaintiff) the judgment and all moneys owing thereon, and all his right and interest in and to the bond, and in order to carry out said sale, delivered an order, &c. The Code of 1851, like the Revision, provided that civil actions should be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. In a law forum this was uniformly understood to mean a legal interest. This construction followed almost as a necessary consequence, from the proposition, that the Code abrogated none of the rules of the common law, as to law and equity practice, and the more fundamental idea that under the Constitution it was deemed by the Legislature necessary to keep the two jurisdictions separate and distinct. [475] This construction of the Code and Constitution, announced in Claussen v. Lefrerz, 4 G. Greene, 224; Cooper v. Armstrong, 3 Id., 120; and followed in Roberts v. Taliaferro, 7 Iowa, 110, was adopted as indisputable, so far as relates to the question now before us, and upon this assumption, and deductions regarded as necessarily resulting, it was held that only those having the legal interest in the cause of action could be heard at law. In other words, real interest was held to mean, at law, a legal interest, and hence, as in Farwell v. Tyler, 5 Iowa, 536, it was decided that the holder of a note not negotiable by delivery, nor assigned in writing, could not sue upon it in his own name. • The construction above adverted to was, however, certainly much innovated upon, if not entirely overthrown in the subsequent case of Shepard v. Ford, 10 Iowa, 502, decided by two members of the court as then constituted. Following this, we have the Revision, which gives to us a system involving more radical changes and broader and more uniform rules of practice. This, as we have seen, abolishes “all forms of actions,” and yet the two jurisdictions, as separate and distinct tribunals, ,are not abolished. The different methods of trying law and equitable actions, as recognized before its adoption with such modifications as in no wise conflict with the Constitution, are still kept up. If a right is sought to be enforced or protected, or a wrong redressed or prevented, but one “ form ” is given, and that is styled a “ civil action.” If the cause of action is cognizable at law, the party having the real interest therein is to be heard in that form, if equitable, in equity. His proceeding, in other words, is to be “ ordinary” or “ equitable,” according to the nature of his cause of action. And hence, the question is determined, not so much by the evidence showing the interest, as by the fact that he is the real party in interest, and has for his cause of action a subject matter of which the law will take cognizance. In other words, [476] tbe equitable rule as to parties, is now applied to law actions, if the relief asked may be given in that court. -And, therefore, if the plaintiff is the real owner of this bond, if it has been actually sold and transferred to him by a valid verbal contract, there is no reason why, under our present system of pleading and practice, he may not maintain his action in manner and form, as stated in his petition. Holding thus, it necessarily results that the Court below erred in ruling that plaintiff’s remedy was in equity and not at law. Reversed.