Searcy v. Miller

Day, J. [616] i action : eqfuty: lost1 uote' [615] It is insisted that the court erred in submitting [616] the cause to a jury for trial as a law action. This involves a determination of the question whether the cause was properly at law or in equity. The clerk in making up the calendar designated the'cause as in equity. The plaintiff made no such designation of the case, the names of the parties to the action being followed by the word “ petition ” as in ordinary proceedings, and not by the words “ petition in equity,” as in equity proceedings. See Code, § 2616. Does the petition seek relief which is of an equitable character? 1. The plaintiff seeks to recover upon a note in the poossession of the defendant. It matters not by what means the defendant obtained possession of the note, if the note is still unpaid. Independently of statute an action upon a lost note must be in equity, to the end that the defendant may be indemnified against the chance of the note being found and again asserted against him. No such reason applies where the note is in the hands of the defendant. Our statute provides that an action upon a lost note or bond may be by ordinary proceedings (Code, § 2512); a fortiori may the action be at law where the note sued upon is in the hands of the defendant. In 2 Parsons upon Notes and Bills, page 292, it is said: “If an action is brought upon a uote transferable by mere delivery, and the plaintiff proves that he has lost it in some way, and then he traces it into the possession of the defendant, there seems to be no reason why he may not now, and even without notifying the defendant to produce it, substitute a copy, on proof of its contents, for the note itself, and sue it at law. For it can never be negotiated as against the defendant, but by his own act or concurrence. So, wherever an acceptor or other party has wrongfully got possession of a bill of exchange or note, an action may be had against him, as such party to the paper, at common law.” See authorities cited in note t, page 292, and note w, page 293. In note t it is said that “a note in defendant’s possession cannot be sued in equity, because there is [617] a perfect remedy at law.” In our opinion the fact that the plaintiff sues upon a note of which the defendant wrongfully and fraudulently procured, and still retains possession, does not make the cause cognizable in equity. 2, equity. 2. The plaintiff prays that the defendant be required to produce the note on the trial, and attach a copy of it to his answer. Under our system of procedure this can amount to no more than notice to produce the note, to the end that secondary evidence of its contents might be introduced. As an action for discovery in equity, this relief could not be demanded under the provisions of section 2523 of the Code. Besides, before this action was set down for trial at law, the defendant had answered, setting out a copy of the note sued on. The relief sought in this part of the prayer had been granted, and no issue upon it was pending. No equitable issue as to the right to the production of the note was to be tried, and the mere fact that the plaintiff asked that defendant be required to produce the note, did not make the whole case cognizable in equity. 3. In the original petition the plaintiff prayed the establishment of alien upon real estate which the defendant purchased with the money for which the note was given. It must be conceded that if such lien could be established at all, it could only be done in equity. But when the case was called for trial, and before a jury was demanded, the plaintiff struck from the petition the prayer for a lien. We are, therefore, of opinion, that, when the cause was set down for trial, it in-involved no issue cognizable upon the equity side of the court. 3. ._. practice. 4..The appellant seems to rely in the argument upon the fact that plaintiff made no motion to transfer the cause to the law docket, as provided in section 2515 of the Code. But no objection to the action of the court was made in the court below upon that ground. The objection which the defendant made in the court below was, not that [618] the cause was upon the equity docket, and must be tried there, but that the case was in equity, and therefore the plaintiff was not entitled to a jury. A specific objection having been interposed in the court below, none other can here be considered. The case of Henderson v. Legg, 16 Iowa, 486, relied on by appellant, is not, it seems to us, in point. In that case notes and a mortgage were given up for a deed for land upon a false and fraudulent representation, that the land was unincumbered. The action was brought to rescind the contract of sale, to restore the original mortgage, and foreclose it. It was simply held that the action was equitable, and triable by the first method. The distinction between that case and the present is apparent. In our ojfinion the issues involved in the case, at the time of its submission to a jury, were all cognizable at law, and the court committed no error, of which defendant can complain in ordering that it be tried by a jury. i. kvidexce: o? w?5íessT religious belief. II. One James Harbaugh was introduced as a witness by defendant, and gave important testimony. lie was then cross-examined as follows: Q. Have you any religious belief ? A. Well, it is very weak, if I have any religious principles. I am not much of a religious man. Q. Have you any belief in a state of future rewards or punishments ? A. It is very faint. I am actually not a believer in these articles. Q. Have you any belief in a Supreme Being? A. I do not know what it is. Of course there is a first cause for something, but I do not know what it is; I do not know anything to believe upon it. No objection was made to the first question or answer. The second and third were objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. The objection was overruled and defendant excepted. In State v. Elliott, 45 Iowa, 486, it was held competent to prove as affecting the credibility of one whose dying declarations were introduced, that he was a materialist and believed [619] in no God or future conscious existence. This decision is based unpon the ground that, whatever rendered a witness incompetent at common law, might be shown under section 3637 of the Code of 1873, to lessen his credibility. This section is as follows: “ Facts which have heretofore caused the exclusion of testimony, may still be shown for the purpose of lessening its credibility.” This section first appeared as section 2389 of the Code of 1851, and afterward as section 3979 of the Revision. Sections 35 of the Code of 1851, 38 of the Revision, and 53 of the Code of 1873, are as follows: “The terms ‘ heretofore ’ and ‘hereafter, as used in this Code, have relation to the time when this statute takes effect.” The constitution of 1846, article 1, section 4, provides that no person shall be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion. It is now claimed by appellant that the word “ heretofore ” as used in sections 2389, Code of 1851, 3979 of Revision, and 3637 of the Code of 1873, has reference to the law when the Code of 1851 took effect, as modified by the constitutional provision as above named, and that we were in error, in State v. Elliott, supra, in referring it to the state of the common law before that period. So far as we have been able to discover, section 2388 of the Code of 1851, is the first statutory provision on the subject of evidence after the adoption of the constitution of 1846. It provides that every human being shall be competent, except as otherwise declared, and is, in substance, but a redeclaration of the constitutional provision, that no person shall be rendered incompetent on account of his opinions on the subject of religion. Having provided generally for the competency of all persons, the subsequent sections proceed to introduce an exception on the ground of interest, and nearly all the exceptions recognized at common law other than as to persons incompetent at common law, on account of the lack of a “religious sense of accountability to the Omniscient Being, who is invoked by an oath.” At the [620] time when section 2389 of the Code of 1851 was enacted, providing that “ facts which have heretofore caused the exclusion of testimony may still be shown for the purpose of lessening its credibility,” no case had found its way into the appellate court of this State in which the provisions of article 1, section 4 of the constitution, had been applied and enforced. Up to that time the decisions of courts in England, and in this country, had excluded as incompetent, witnesses who were “insensible to the obligations of an oath, from defect of religious sentiment and belief,” and no different rule had been practically authorized by the adjudications of the Supreme Court of this State. Now, when the word “ heretofore ” was used in section 2389, we think it must have referred to facts which the courts had theretofore held should cause the exclusion of testimony, rather than to a constitutional provision intended to govern the action of courts, but which had never received judicial application. It is claimed that if section 2389 authorizes insensibility to the obligations of an oath to be shown to lessen the credibility of a witness, it is unconstitutional. It is to be observed, however, that article 1, section 4 of the constitution simply provides that a person shall not be rendered incompetent to give evidence, in consequence of his opinion on the subject of religion. It is not provided that the credibility of his evidence may not be lessened. The questions which were objected to sought to elicit the fact whether the witness liad any belief in a state of future rewards or punishments, and any belief in a Supreme Being! In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, section 369, it is said: “It may be considered as now generally settled in this country, that it is not material whether the witness believes that the punishment will be inflicted in this world or the next. It is enough if he has the religious sense of accountability to the Omniscient Being, who is invoked by an oath.” In Ormichund v. Barker, Willis, 545, S. C., 1 Atk., 21, the proper test of a witness on the score of a religious belief was settled to be the belief of a [621] God, and that he will reward and punish us according to our deserts. See authorities cited in note 3 to section 369, 1 Greenleaf on Evidence. In admitting proof of the fact that the witness did not believe in a future state of rewards and punishments, the court erred. III. The questions under consideration were allowed to be ashed of the witness on cross-examination. This was not proper. In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, section 370, it is said: “The State of his religious belief, at the time he is offered as a witness, is a fact to be ascertained. The ordinary mode of showing this is by evidence of his declarations, previously made to others, the person himself not being interrogated. The want of such religious belief must be established by other means than the examination of the witness upon the stand. He is not to be questioned as to his religious belief, nor required to divulge his opinion upon that subject in answer to questions put to him while under examination. If he is to be set aside for want of such religious belief; the fact is to be shown by other witnesses, and by evidence of his previously expressed opinions voluntarily made known to others.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 2 Gray, 516. See Greenleaf on Evidence, 12th edition, page 417, note 2, and page 418, note 1. We discover no error in the instructions. It is claimed the verdict is excessive, but as the judgment must be reversed on other grounds, this objection need not be considered. Reversed.