Frum v. Keeney

Robinson, O. J, On the 23d day of February, 1897, the defendant had a public sale of stock and other personal property at his place of residence in Pottawattamie county, and the plaintiff was the successful bidder for hay and cattle, the aggregate price of which was four hundred and twenty-four dollars. The published terms of sale were stated as follows: “* * " * All sums over ten dollars, a 1 credit of one year will-be given purchaser, on note with approved security, bearing eight per cent, interest from date of sale. * * * No property •removed until settled for.” The defendant had arranged with one E. 0. Clapp for the sale to him of the notes which should be taken for property sold. On the 11th day of March, 1897, the plaintiff appeared at the office of Clapp, — 395 — and informed bim and tbe defendant that be was ready to .give a note for tbe property he bad purchased. Clapp drew .a note, and banded it to tbe plaintiff to be signed. When the note was banded to bim, it provided for payment “to the order of F. M. Keeney.” Tbe plaintiff went to another .part of tbe office, and, without tbe knowledge of tbe defend•ant or Clapp, erased tbe words “tbe order of,” signed tbe •note, caused bis brother to sign it as surety, and banded it to tbe defendant, without calling attention to tbe change. The defendant did not read tbe note, but caused Clapp to write an order for tbe property. A few minutes later the alteration was discovered, and tbe defendant at once notified tbe plaintiff that tbe note was not satisfactory, and refused to permit bim to' take tbe property for which it was given. This action was then commenced to recover possession of tbe property. Tbe ultimate question to> be determined is whether tbe note as signed was in compliance with tbe terms •of tbe sale. Tbe plaintiff insists that it was, while tbe .•defendant contends that a, negotiable note was required. I. Tbe original answer of tbe defendant admitted that be bad possession of tbe property in controversy when tbe action was commenced, and that it was not taken on execution or any order of court, and denied all allegations of tbe petition not -admitted. In an amendment to tbe answer tbe defendant admitted that the plaintiff was tbe successful bidder for tbe property at a public sale held by tbe defendant, but averred that tbe sale was bad and conducted in accordance with tbe terms set out in a printed poster, a part of which we have set out; that it bad been tbe uniform rule and custom of the neighborhood wherein tbe plaintiff and tbe defendant resided, and wherein tbe sale was bad, during more than twenty years, for tbe purchasers at such sales,- held upon tbe terms stated in tbe poster, to make negotiable promissory notes for all property purchased on credit; and that tbe plaintiff refused to make a negotiable promissory note for tbe property in controversy, and - refused to — 396 — pay cash for it and to perform the conditions of the contract of purchase. The plaintiff filed a motion to strike from the amendment s'o much thereof as pleaded a custom, and the refusal of the plaintiff to comply with it and with the contract of purchase, on the ground that it was redundant, incompetent, and irrelevant. The motion was overruled. The plaintiff then demurred to the amendment 2 on the ground that it showed that the terms of sale were plain and unambiguous, and could not have been changed or varied by a custom or rule of the neighborhood, for that it was not shown that the plaintiff had any knowledge of the custom. The plaintiff also demurred, upon the same grounds, to SO' much of the amendment as had been unsuccessfully assailed by his motion. The demurrer was overruled, and the plaintiff then filed a reply to the answer as amended. He insists that the rulings on the motion and demurrer were erroneous. The defendant claims that, if erroneous, the errors, were waived! by the filing of the reply. In response to that claim the plaintiff refers to chapter 96, Acts Twenty-fifth General. Assembly, in force when the rulings were made, which con* tained the following: “A demurrer1 shall be considered as-an admission of the allegations of the pleading demurred-to for the purposes of demurrer, and for such purposes only; and when a demurrer shall be overruled, and the party-demurring shall answer or reply, the ruling on the demurrer shall not be considered an adjudication of any question raised by the demurrer; and in such ease the sufficiency of the pleading thus attacked shall be determined as if no-demurrer had been filed. No pleading shall be held sufficient on account, of a failure to demur thereto..” The defendant relies upon Wyland v. Griffith, 96 Iowa, 24, and Krause v. Lloyd, 100 Iowa, 666, in support of his claim that the-errors, if any, in the rulings were waived. The case first cited, although decided by this court after-the act referred to took effect, was not within its provisions, for the reason — 397 — that tbe case was determined in tbe district court before tbe act was passed, and no> reference to tbe act was made by this court. In tbe case last cited we held that tbe statute did not change tbe rule, where a demurrer bad .been sustained, and, as tbe statute did not apply to motions, tbe error, if any, in the ruling on the plaintiff’s motion to strike, would be regarded as waived. Tbe demurrer in question was overruled, and therefore tbe statute applied to it, and we are required to» determine its effect. It was not designed to permit „a review of tbe ruling on a demurrer which bad been overruled, where tbe party demurring bad afterwards filed an answer or reply, but to provide that tbe ruling should not have tbe effect of an adjudication, and to permit tbe party demurring unsuccessfully to question tbe sufficiency of the pleading in other ways during tbe progress of tbe trial, as by a motion to direct the verdict or in arrest of judgment. In other words, in such a case tbe party waived bis right to complain of tbe overruling of bis demurrer by pleading over, but did not waive bis right to attack tbe pleading on the grounds upon which bis demu* rer was founded at any subsequent time in tbe progress’ of tbe case; for tbe statute expressly provided that where a demurrer was overruled tbe sufficiency of tbe pleading attacked was to “be determined as if no demurrer bad been filed.” It follows from what we have said that tbe plaintiff is not entitled to a review of tbe rulings on tbe motion, and tbe demurrer and tbe questions involved therein were n'ot again presented during tbe trial. II. Tbe defendant testified that after the note was signed it was banded to him, and .that be laid it on Clapp’s desk. He was then asked: “What, if anything, did you do in tbe way of examining tbe note after Mr. J. N. Frum banded it to you ?” — and was permitted to answer, notwithstanding an objection of tbe plaintiff: “I did not examine it at all. I saw Mr. Frum, or thought I saw them sign their names to tbe note.” The defendant also testified that — 398 — nothing was said at that time about a change in the note.. 3 The plaintiff complains of the ruling, and insists1 that it was the duty of the defendant to examine' the note when it was handed to him; that as he was-able to read it, and failed to do so, he should not be heard to say that he did not know its contents; that his acts in receiving the note without reading it; and without objection, and in giving the plaintiff an order for the property, should be given the force and effect of a settlement. This case differs in legal effect from one in which a person signs, without reading, a writing prepared by a party adversely interested. The note in question had been drawn as the defendant desired to have it made. The plaintiff knew that fact, and good faith and business usage demanded that he make his objection known, or at least that he do- nothing to mislead the defendant. By signing the note in the presence of the defendant without making known any objection, the defendant was naturally led to believe that the note was signed without change; and the plaintiff knew that fact, and knew that the defendant did not know of or assent to the change when the note was delivered to him. As soon as he discovered the change he refused to assent to it, and tendered the note to the plaintiff. We are of the opinion that there was not such an agreement of the parties as constituted a settlement, and that the defendant was not guilty of such negligence as to be estopped to deny the alleged settlement. III. Clapp- and the defendant were permitted to testify that for twenty years it had be'en the uniform practice in the neighborhood where the sale in question was made, when the terms at such sales were like those set out in the notice from which we have quoted, for purchasers to give negotiable promissory notes for property purchased. The plaintiff 4 objected to the testimony on the ground that the witnesses were not competent, and that their testimony was incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. The witnesses showed that they had knowledge of the alleged — 399 — custom, and tbeir testimony \Vas relevant and material.. The terms of sale provided that a credit of one year would! be given persons who purchased property for more than ten dollars, “on note.” The notes intended were evidently promissory notes, and they are negotiable or non-negotiable. It was proper to show the custom which prevailed at such sales, in order to determine what kind of notes was contemplated by the terms of sale and by the purchasers; and to permit that to be done was not to defeat or vary the contract, but to construe and enforce it according to the intent of' the parties to it. See Rindskoff v. Barrett, 14 Iowa, 101; Gillett Indirect and Collateral Evidence, section 126;, Bradner Evidence, 161; Clark’s Browne Usages and Customs, sections 39—41. IV. The defendant was permitted to testify that all1 the notes, except the one in suit, given for property purchased at his sale, were negotiable, that about twenty-five' or thirty purchasers gave notes, that he did not hear any objections made to the kind of notes required, and that he had told the plaintiff that Clapp, who had passed upon 5 the sufficiency of the notes, had purchased them. Clapp was also permitted to testify that ten or twenty notes were given at the sale, and that no. objection was made to the giving of negotiable notes. The, testimony of the defendant to the effect that he had told the plaintiff that the notes were sold to Clapp was competent, as tending to show the knowledge possessed by the plaintiff when he altered the note. The testimony respecting-the number and kind of notes given, and that there was no. objection to making them negotiable, if erroneously admitted, was not prejudicial, for the reason that the testimony showed, without conflict, that it was the uniform custom in the-neighborhood where the sale was made, at sales made on the terms in question, for purchasers to give negotiable-promissory notes for deferred payments, and the testimony-of the plaintiff shows that he knew of the custom. — 400 — V. The plaintiff complains of the third paragraph of the charge, in part, on the ground that it was in conflict with the rulings of the court on the motion and demurrer. One of the objections presented'by the motion and demurrer was that the amendment to the answer did not show that the plaintiff knew of the custom pleaded when the sale to him was made. The portion of the charge referred to required the jury to find for the plaintiff unless the defendant had established, both the custom, and that the plaintiff knew 6 of it when he made his bids. We may concede that there was a conflict between the rulings on .the motion and demurrer and the charge, but we can now consider only the charge, and the variance in that from the previous holdings of the court was in favor of the plaintiff, and not prejudicial. It is also said the paragraph of the charge in question was prejudicial because it ignored the settlement pleaded in the reply, alleged to have been made by the waiving of the terms of sale, and the acceptance' of the note in question. There was nothing in the evidence to justify a finding that there had been such a settlement. Moreover, the fifth paragraph of the charge required the jury to determine whether there had been a settlement as claimed. It is said that paragraph is erroneous, but, if that be true, the error was in the interest of the plaintiff. VI. Other questions discussed' in argument are disposed of by what we have already said, or are not of sufficient importance to justify particular mention of them. We do not find any error in the record of which the plaintiff can properly complain. The defendant elected to- take a judgment for the value of the property, and a judgment to that effect was rendered. We think it correct, and it is AFFIRMED.