De Wulf v. Dix

Deemer, J. [555] May 26, 1898, plaintiff and defendant Hines entered into a written agreement, by the terms of which Hines was to exchange plaintiff’s farm, consisting of •one hundred and sixty acres of land in Boone county, Neb., for a stock of goods, located at Meehanicsville, Iowa, belonging to defendant Dix, — -Hines to have all the goods that he •obtained over two thousand dollars in value as compensation for his services. On the twenty-eighth day of May, plaintiff, ¡and defendant Crenshaw, acting as agent for Dix, entered into a written contract for an exchange of properties, by the terms of which plaintiff agreed to give his one hundred and .sixty acres, free of incumbrance, at a valuation of twenty dollars per acre, in exchange for the stock of goods of defendant Dix; and it was provided that, if said stock invoiced for more "than three thousand two hundred dollars, Dix was to retain the excess. The cost mark on the goods was designated as the price at wliich they should be invoiced. There was an incumbrance of four hundred dollars on the land, and it was ¡agreed that plaintiff should either pay the same or deposit an .amount sufficient to meet it in a bank at Meehanicsville. Pursuant to this agreement the goods were invoiced, and all in excess of the three thousand two» hundred dollars were removed by defendant Dix from Meehanicsville to Oedar Hapids, at which latter place Dix also had a store. Plaintiff 'took possession of the stock, mortgaged it for four hundred and .fifty dollars, and deposited the amount received with the bank, .as agreed. Hines took out of the stock goods invoiced to' the . amount of one thousand dollars, claiming that he was entitled .thereto as compensation for his services in effectuating the ■trade under his contract of May 26th. Through a representa'tive, plaintiff had charge of the goods for several weeks, at •the expiration of which time he notified Dix that he was dis■■satisfied with his trade, claimed that he had been swindled, •demanded of defendant Dix a deed for his Nebraska land, .and stopped payment of the four hundred and fifty dollars [556] deposited with the bank. Dix declined to rescind, and, as plaintiff failed to pay the four hundred and fifty dollar debt that he had secured by mortgage on the stock of goods, the-holder thereof proceeded to sell the stock undisposed of by plaintiff while he held possession under the chattel mortgage. The remainder of the stock did not sell for sufficient to extinguish the mortgage debt. This action was tlten commenced' by plaintiff, who claims that defendants conspired and confederated together to cheat and defraud him out of his land,, and that by fraud and false representations as to the character and value of the stock and as to¡ the character and effect of the papers produced for him to sign they accomplished their purpose; that, after the contract was made, defendantsCrenshaw, Dix, and Free, without consent of plaintiff,, fraudulently carried away from the hfechanicsville stock, something like two thousand dollars worth of new and salable goods, and the defendant Hines took and carried away about one thousand dollars worth; that the mortgage to the-bank for the four hundred and fifty dollars was procured. by false and fraudulent representations of the defendant Hines. Bescission of the contract is also pleaded and judgment foi' three thousand dollars demanded The answers were, in effect, general denials. Plaintiff is a Belgian, is unable to read or write the English language, and had very little familiarity with mercantile business. He-, testified, in effect, that the only contract he ever made withCrenshaw or- Hines was to the effect that he was to have one-thousand four hundred dollars in cash, over and above the-mortgage, for his land. The contract between plaintiff and. Hines and the one between plaintiff and Dix are both in-, writing and bear the plaintiff’s signature. The chattel mortgage on the stock of goods also appears to have been signed' by plaintiff. He says, however, that he did not know what; they contained, and that he signed them on the strength of' representations made by Hines as to their contents. It also-appears that about three thousand dollars worth of the goods; [557] were taken out of tbe store by defendant Dix tbe morning "before the invoice was taken, and that about one thousand -dollars worth were taken out by Hines. The remainder of the g’oods were not worth anything like the sum for which they were invoiced. Some of the witnesses say they were not worth more than five hundred dollars, and some say not ■more than seventy-five cents on the dollar of the invoice price. Plaintiff was asked this question on his examination in chief: “Now, have you any property?” This was objected to>, but the objection was overruled, :and the ruling was followed by this further question: “Either Teal or personal, except the property you claim to have in this land in Nebraska?” To this the defendant also objected, but the objection was overruled, and witness answered, '“That’s all.” This evidence was wholly irrelevant to any issue in the case, and was evidently adduced for the purpose ■of showing -plaintiff’s poverty. It should not have been Teeeived. Cowan v. Musgrave, 73 Iowa, 384; Stevens v. Ellsworth, 95 Iowa, 231; Clark v. Same, 104 Iowa, 442; Bailey v. Bailey, 94 Iowa, 598. 2 II. Instead of Stating the issues in a concise and comprehensive manner, the court used copies of the pleadings, and read them in haee verba to the jury. Such a proceeding has been so frequently condemned that we need not do more than cite the last case on the subject, where all the previous decisions are collected. See Swanson v. Allen, 108 Iowa, 419. However, counsel agreed in this case to the course pursued by the trial court, and they cannot now be heard to complain. 3 III. After the jury had retired to deliberate upon their verdict, they asked the bailiff in charge for an atlas. Pursuant to this request, "he procured a map showing the different states of the Union, and delivered it to some of the jurors, who took it into the jury room, where it remained until the verdict was returned. The map was not introduced in evidence, and the purpose of the request [558] can only be surmised. If it were to discover the location of' plaintiff’s land in order that the jury might fix its value, its-presence in the jury room might.constitute prejudicial error..Indeed, error is to be presumed from its delivery to and consideration by the jury. It may be that, from the description given of the land by the various witnesses, some of the-jurors may have known of its exact location, and we may assume that perhaps they did know; but they had no right-to use the map to verify their conclusions. If this were thaonly error, we might say that it was without prejudice, and refuse to reverse on this ground alone. But, as the case must be reversed for other reasons, we simply say that it was error-to permit the map to go to the jury at the time and in the-manner it did. See McLeod v. Railway Co., 71 Iowa, 138; Kruidenier v. Shields, 70 Iowa, 428; Griffin v. Harriman,. 74 Iowa, 436; Oskaloosa College v. Western Union Fuel Co., 90 Iowa, 380. 4 IY. One of the grounds of the motion for a new trial’ was misconduct of plaintiff’s counsel in his argument to the-jury. The alleged misconduct-is attempted to be shown by affidavit. It is well understood that this is not proper' practice. State v. Hall, 79 Iowa, 674; Hall v. Carter, 74 Iowa, 364; State v. Clemons, 78 Iowa, 123. The' affidavits were incorporated in the bill of exceptions, but this is not sufficient where the alleged misconduct took place - in the presence of the court, as we must presume it did in this case. State v. Burton, 103 Iowa, 28; Faulk v. Iowa County, 103 Iowa, 442; State v. Lagrange, 99 Iowa, 10. The bill itself, as signed by the judge, does not show any misconduct. - Appellee’s counsel filed an affidavit reciting the facts as he-understood them pertaining to the alleged misconduct. If it' be true that he is bound thereby notwithstanding the defect in the bill of exceptions, — a point we do not at this time decide, — there is no such showing as will justify us in inter- • fering with the discretion of the trial .judge in overruling; the motion. [559] 5 6 7 • V. Defendants asked an instruction to the effect that conspiracy could not be made the subject of a civil action unless something was done which, without the conspiracy,, would give a right of action, and that, if the jury found from the evidence, that the price paid by defendants to¡ plaintiff was practically equal' to the value of the property received from the plaintiff by defendants, and that no fraud was used, then the verdict should be for defendants. There was evidence in support of the proposition advanced by this instruction, and it. should have been given. Work v. McCoy, 87 Iowa, 217; Beechley v. Mulville,. 102 Iowa, 602. In the seventh instruction given by the court the jury were told, in effect, that they should not consider the four hundred and fifty dollar mortgage executed by plaintiff to one Miller for any purpose-whatever. This is manifestly erroneous. In so far as plaintiff was entitled to have it considered, the error was without prejudice. But defendant was entitled to have it considered, for several reasons: First, it might tend to show a ratification of the alleged fraud and conspiracy; second, if executed by plaintiff with full knowledge of its contents, and he had credit on a valid obligation given by him on account of a sale-of the goods under foreclosure, he ought not to have the benefit thereof without charge. The distinction between fraud and conspiracy was not stated in the-charge as given. That there is a marked distinction is so-well known that the bare statement of the proposition is all that is necessary. The court instructed in a general way on the question of fraud, and also stated that, if defendants-acted together for the purpose of cheating and defrauding plaintiff, they would be liable for the resulting damage. If’ plaintiff claimed anything on account of the fraud of the defendants, disconnected from the idea of conspiracy, a differ- - ent rule would obtain than if he relied upon- a charge of conspiracy to cheat and defraud, resulting in wrong and injury. As an attempt was made ¡to differentiate fraud from con [560] spiracy, it should have been done more clearly than it was. Again, if the charge was fraud and false representations, divorced from conspiracy, not only would the measure of damages be different, but the liability of the parties might not be the same as if conspiracy were the gist of the action. If plaintiff’s agent is the one who: is guilty of fraud, 'and defendants acted in good faith, and did not confederate with him to do the wrong, the agent alone is liable. Whether or not both principal and agent are liable for a fraud committed by an agent while acting within the scope of his authority, and without preconcerted action, we need not decide, as the question does not properly arise. But see Berghoff v. McDonald, 87 Ind. 549. On a retrial the court should instruct more carefully on the issues tendered by the pleadings. VI. Lastly, it is insisted that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. In view of a retrial, we deem it best not to express an opinion on this point. For the errors pointed out, the judgment of the district court is reversed. Granger, O. L, not sitting.