Taylor v. Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

Si-ieravin, J. This action ivas brought on a policy of accident insurance issued by the defendant to the plaintiff. The policy by its terms provides for liability for accidental injuries only, and contains an express provision “that it does not cover, and the company will not be liable for, f * * intentional injuries inflicted by the insured.” The petition alleges that while the plaintiff was engaged in his ordinary and usual duties as cashier of the Mills County Savings Bank, and while placing a book in the vault of said bank, it slipped from the shelf, came in contact with a loaded gun, which was thereby accidentally discharged, without fault or negligence on his part, and the contents thereof passed through the wrist 'joint of his left hand, making amputation thereof necessary: The defendant answered, denying accidental injury, and alleging that the injury was self-inflicted, and that by reason thereof plaintiff violated the conditions of the contract of insurance. 1 The first assignment of error argued by appellant’s counsel is the prejudicial effect upon the jury of a statement of plaintiff’s attorney in opening the case, before the introduction of testimony. The statement referred to certain acts of the defendant’s agents, in procuring an affidavit from the plaintiff before this action was brought, and to an attempt to get him to go to Omaha for the purpose of settlement. This statement ivas objected to' at the time it ivas made, the objection'ivas .sustained by the court, and counsel who made the statement told the court that it ivas not made for the purpose of shoAving an effort on the ID art of the defendant to compromise. The court Avas not asked to instruct the jury to disregard this opening states ment of the attorney, nor did the court do so other than in 623 a general way. -The court did instruct the jury, however, in the following- language: “In your jury room you should not refer to, discuss, or consider, in connection with this-ease, anything except the evidence received upon the trial. All extraneous matters and statements should be carefully discarded by you, and you should base your verdict solely and entirely upon the evidence.” This instruction, it will be observed, clearly cautioned the jury against the influence of any statement not from-the lips of a sworn witness. We do not wish to be understood as .approving the remarks of counsel which were objected to, but we are of the opinion-that no prejudice resulted therefrom. 2 The trial court instructed the jury, in substance, that the law presumed the injury which the plaintiff received to have been accidental, and that the burden was upon the defendant to prove that- it was not accidental, but willfully self-inflicted. The law will presume that the injury was not self-inflicted. Carnes v. Association, 106 Iowa, 281; Freeman v. Insurance Co., 144 Mass. 572 (12 N. E. Rep. 372). But the burden of nroof did not rest upon' the defendant to prove that the injury was not accidental. It is a fundamental principle of the law of evidence that he who affirms must prove. Stephen’s Digest Evidence, 175; Greenleaf, Evidence (13th ed.) 1, 83. To entitle the plaintiff to recover at all, he must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that' his was an accidental injury, because the policy only insured him against such injuries. It is true that when an injury is shown the presumption arises that it was not self-inflicted, and to- defeat a recovery the defendant must negative this presumption; but,. in eases where the very foundation of the action is accidental injury, the presumption which the law raises is only an aid to the other evidence on the subject,'and does not operate to shift the burden of proof on the entire issue to the defendant. Carnes c. Association, supra, Insurance Co. v. McConkey, 127 U. S. 661 (8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1362, 32 L. Ed. 624 308); Whitlatch v. Casualty Co., 149 N. Y. App. 45 (43 N. E. Rep. 405); Simpson v. Davis, 119 Mass. 269; Perley v. Perley, 144 Mass, 104 (10 N. E. Rep. 726). Much of the seeming conflict in the adjudicated cases on the question of the burden of proof, where a presumption arises in favor of either party, has grown out of the failure to clearly define the weight to be given to the presumption. It is quite commonly said that the burden is upon the defendant to overcome that presumption, but it is still true that after all the evidence is before the jury the burden rests where it did in the beginning. We think, however, there is no real conflict in the cases as to where the burden belongs in actions of this kind. If the defense were based upon the breach of some particular condition of the policy, or upon some exception therein, it would fall within the rule announced in another line of cases. See Jones v. Association, 92 Iowa, 652; Sutherland v. Insurance Co., 87 Iowa, 505. But in this case, as we have seen, the plaintiff’s right to'.recover is based solely upon an accidental injury, and upon him rests the burden of proving that it was such. For the error in the instruction noticed, the case is reversed.