Armstrong v. Mutual Life Insurance

Bishop, O. J. [367] i. fraud of cfveiyof premium: evidence. [366] The evidence offered by plaintiff having relation to the subsequent taking' up by Eambo p’f the [367] •policies issued to plaintiff and his wife was admitted over the objection of defendant that the same was incompetent and immaterial. Counsel for appellant contend that such ruling was error. The action, it is to he observed, is grounded upon the fraud alleged to have been committed by Rambo in connection with the filling out of the applications. As the issues stand, the right of recovery must be predicated upon-proof of the fraud alleged, and upon the fact that within a reasonable time after the discovery of such fraud the policies were returned, or offered to be returned, to the defendant. Clearly, a party making application for life insurance is not bound to accept a policy differing in form and provisions from that which he had the right to believe and did believe he was to get. And if by fraud in character such as that the law will take notice of and grant relief against he is induced to accept into his possession ■such different policy, he is not bound to retain the same and pay premiums thereon. But he must return, or offer to return the policy within a reasonable time, and whether he has done so or not is generally a question of fact for the jury. In this connection, at least, the evidence objected to was material. Rambo was, or had been, the agent of the company. He had procured the policies to be delivered to him upon the representation that a mistake had been made in writing the same, and that he was acting in the premises on the request of Fleming Bros., general agents. Taking the record as it stood at the time, the court might fairly infer that the plaintiff was seeking to prove an actual return of the policies to defendant, and that the evidence offered was but a step in that direction. From the viewpoint of the offer and the ruling, we cannot say that the evidence was inadmissible. [368] 2. instruction: Jufpoited by evidence: issues ignored [367] II, Appellant makes complaint of the giving of the tenth instruction. Therein the attention of the jury is [368] called to the facts connected with the retaking of possession by Rambo of the policies, and his subsequent delivery thereof to Fleming Bros., and that before such policies were again delivered to plaintiff the defendant caused plaintiff and his-wife to be re-examined by a physician. The instruction then proceeds: “You are instructed that the defendant, under the undisputed evidence in this case, had no right, to make such requirements of plaintiff and his wife. Yet. you are further instructed that if you find from the evidence that the plaintiff and his wife voluntarily and without objection, with a full knowledge of all the facts as to-what the written application theretofore signed by them contained, consented and agreed to the further examina, tion, and signed the certificate in evidence.before you of date January 7, 1896, then these facts, taken alone, would not make the defendant liable herein; but, before the defendant would be liable to plaintiff for the premiums paid upon these two policies, upon the facts stated in this instruction, he must go further, and show by the evidence that the defendant, at some time during the time the said policies were not in possession of plaintiff after the first, delivery to him and before they were redelivered to plaintiff, after January 7, 1896, if you find they were so delivered, did some act. indicating that it did not consider said policies to be in force, and if you- find that during said time the defendant did treat said policies as not being in force, then plaintiff would have the right to treat said policies as not being in force, and would have the right to recover back the premium paid therefor, provided he exercised such right within a reasonable time.” The thought of the instruction does not readily pre-ent itself. Indeed, we are not even now sure that we have arrived at a correct interpretation. The contract of insurance is not included in the record, but we may concede that the trial court, with such contract before it, [369] correctly determined that defendant had no right to require a medical re-examination of the plaintiff and his wife. So, too, it may be said that the court was right in saying that the fact that plaintiff and his wife may have voluntarily and without objection submitted to such examination, having at the time full knowledge of all the facts stated in the original applications signed by them, would not, taken alone, give plaintiff the right to recover back the premiums paid by him. We are unable, however, to find trace of any line of connection between the propositions thus stated and what is thereafter said in the instruction. Conceding that at some time while the policies were in its possession the defendant did some act indicating that it did not consider the same.in force, or, indeed, that it actually treated the policies as not being in force, still we are unable to see how any right of plaintiff involved therein could be affected by the fact that a medical re-examination had been brought about by defendant, which was acquiesced in by plaintiff. Nor do we perceive how such conduct on the -part of defendant with respectto the policies, taken in combination with the conclusive propositions previously stated in the instruction, could give rise to a right on the part of plaintiff to treat the policies as not in force, and to maintain an action to recover back the total premiums paid. As we think, the most that could be said under any circumstances would be that the requirement of a further examination was indicative of a purpose on the part of defendant to bring about a cancellation of the policies. If this were the thought of the trial court, and conceding the proposition to be involved in the case, it was too vaguely expressed to be readily understood by the jury. Directing attention now to the proposition last stated in the instruction, it is to be said, in the first place,' that there is no competent evidence in the record tending to [370] show a purpose on the part of the defendant to treat the policies as not in force. As we have said, the only act done was to call for a further medical examination. In connection therewith, Fleming now testifies that the reason for his action was that he mistakenly supposed at the time that the premiums on the policies had not been paid. It is not claimed, however, that such personal and — as far as shown by the record — undisclosed reason had the effect to change in any way the legal status of the parties. It may be that the thought intended to be expressed in the instruction was that if defendant, having regained possession of the policies, and having given out some expression or done some act indicative of its purpose to permanently withhold such policies, this would amount to a declaration of rescission or cancellation on its part, in which the plaintiff might acquiesce, and at once bring his action to recover back the premiums paid. As we have seen, the primary trouble with this view of the case is that the record is barren of evidence upon which to rest the proposition. But were this not so, we think it must be said, iri any event, that the position taken has no merit considered as a matter of law. We have no question but that the parties to an insurance contract may by appropriate words, or by conduct clearly indicating such intention, agree upon a rescission or cancellation of their contract, and this without reference to whether such contract remains in an ex-ecutory stage, or, on the other hand, had been previously put in full force as to both the parties thereto. That the policies here in question had been put in force cannot be doubted. Delivery had been made thereof, and the premiums paid. There was nothing further to do save to pay the future premiums to become due by the one party and to pay the value of the policies at maturity by the other party. It will be understood, of course, that in this im. mediate connection we are leaving out of consideration the fraud issue presented by the pleadings. [371] Now, as a matter of course, mutuality is an essential element in a voluntary contract rescission; such a rescission as would restore the parties to their original status. The parties, by express words, or by conduct clearly indicative of such intention and purpose, must agree upon'the fact and the conditions of the rescission. Johnson v. Reed, 9 Mass. 78 (4 Am. Dec. 36); Burton v. Shotwell, 76 Ky. 271; Vowter v. Griffin, 40 Ind. 593. Manifestly, the record before us presents no fact or conditions to which the doctrine of contract rescission can he made applicable. Here possession of the policies was obtained from plaintiff by false pretense, and without right or authority. In the course of time the tortious holder gave over possession thereof into the hands of the general agent of the defendant company, who, having first satisfied himself that plaintiff and his wife continued in good health, thereupon again delivered the policies to plaintiff. Most certainly a voluntary agreement to rescind could not be predicated upon such a state of facts. But,'suppose that the defendant company had manifested an intention to treat the policies in question as not in force, or, going to extreme lengths, had in an unequivocal way declared such policies to be without further force and void. What, then, could be said of the rights of plaintiffs? Clearly, a choice between two remedies, and two only, would be open to him. He might sue for a return of his policy, or, on the other hand, he might treat the policy as canceled by the act of the defendant, and sue for the amount of the unearned premiums paid by him. A bare reading will suffice to show that to neither of such cases could the instruction here given be made applicable. A further and fundamental error of the instruction arises out of the fact that thereby the issues in the case are wholly ignored. Reduced to a sentence, the instruction tells the jury that upon finding the facts in reference to the medical examination to be as stated, and finding as a [372] further fact that defendant, while the policies were in its. possession, did some act manifesting an intention to treat the same as not in force, these will be sufficient upon which to found a verdict in favor of plaintiff. Such, at least, is the effect of the language used, and the -jury could hardly fail to so understand. Now, the case made by the pleadings is one based upon fraud. The gist of the action is the alleged tortious conduct of Rambo in securing the applications in the form in which they now appear. Plaintiff is not here contending that he is entitled to recover because the policy contracts have been rescinded by mutual consent, or canceled by the arbitrary action of the defendant. True, the subsequent taking possession of the policies by Rambo, and the delivery of the same by him to the general agents of defendant, is pleaded, but the burden of plaintiff’s complaint in that connection is that the defendant sought to make return of the policies without having made any attempt to correct the same, or change them to conform to the original agreement, which they allege was made by them with' Rambo. Moreover, the action being thus grounded on fraud, it was necessary to plead a return or offer to return the policies upon discovery of the fraud, and this, we think, must have been the intent of the pleader in setting forth in the petition the facts in relation to the subsequent conduct of the agents of the defendant. The averment in the petition to the effect that the insurance was not in force while the policies were in the possession of Rambo and of Fleming Bros, is the statement of a conclusion merely, and does not, in any sense, control the issue tendered. Such averment may be disregarded for the further reason that the conclusion sought to be drawn has no support in the evidence produced upon the trial. That instructions to a jury must be confined to and in line with the issues made by the parties is a well-settled rule of practice. Our previous cases furnish many illustrations of the application thereof, and they are too familiar to require citation. [373] 3. instruction: byS£sue°srtord endence. III. Complaint is also made of the giving of instructions numbered eleven and twelve. We need notlerigthen this opinion by setting out such instructions. In each thereof some language is used which involves error. With one exception, however, we think the ground is fully covered by what we have said in the preceding division of this opinion. In the twelfth instruction, after making reference to the fraud issue, it is then said that the policies would not be in force unless the jury “find thatí after being issued, they were delivered to plaintiff within a reasonable time; for, while delivery was not essential to make a binding contract for insurance, yet the plaintiff and his wife had a right to the possession of the policies within a reasonable time after they had been issued, and would not be bound to accept the insurance unless the said policies were delivered to them within a reasonable time after they had beén issued.” We are not disposed to question the soundness of the abstract proposition of law thus stated. But we think the instruction involves error as applied to the case made in the first count of the petition, to which, by express terms, it was intended to apply. In no sense is plaintiff’s case grounded upon a failure to make deilvery of the policies within a reasonable time, and no such issue is tendered. But, even were this not so, the instruction in its present form should not have been given. It is not clear whether the delivery to which reference is made is the first or the second. It may have been intended that the instruction should apply to both of such deliveries. Now, the first delivery was made within a few days after the applications were taken. There is not a suggestion in the evidence that such delivery was not prompt and timely. As to the second delivery, it is sufficient- to say that without dispute the plaintiff surrendered the policies into the hands of an unauthorized person. From the hands of such person the policies reached the hands of the [374] general agents of the defendant, hy whom they were shortly afterwards returned to plaintiff. There is nothing to indicate any unreasonable delay on theRrart of such general agents, and, if there were, it may be doubted if plaintiff could be heard to complain until he had made some request or demand for a return. It follows that there were no facts present to warrant the giving of such instruction. IV. It will be observe,d that the issue tendered -in the second count of the petition is .predicated upon the allegation that there was an entire failure on the part of, the defendant company to deliver a policy as applied for, and in payment of which the note of W. J. Armstrong was given. Counsel for appellant does not question the right of plaintiff to recover upon proof of the matter alleged in said count. But it appears in connection with the evidence offered by plaintiff in chief — and this without dispute — that a policy such as was called for by the application of said W. J. Armstrong was issued by the defendant company, and.that the same was forwarded to him by mail, and that the package was actually delivered to him by the local postmaster. He says that the policy was handed to him, but that he never opened it, and told the postmaster to send it back. At the close of plaintiff’s evidence' in chief the defendant moved for a directed verdict on the ground that a delivery of the policy was affirmatively and without dispute shown by the evidence. This motion was overruled, and the court submitted this branch of the case to the jury upon two instructions. 4 delivery of pobey. In the thirteenth instruction it is said that the depositing of the policy by the defendant' in the postoffice, properly addressed to the insurance applicant, with post-aSe prepaid, would constitute a good delivery 0f such policy. Such is undoubtedly the law. T May on Insurance (4th Ed.) section 55, and cases cited in note. [375] 5. instruction: unwarranted by issue. In the fourteenth instruction it is said: “As to the second count of plaintiff’s petition, you are instructed that if you believe from the evidence that the defendant did not deliver to the said W. J. Armstrong any policy of insurance contracted for by him within a reasonble time after his application for insurance had been made and forwarded to said company, then the said W. J. Armstrong was not bound to accept a policy of insurance tendered to him after a reasonable time elapsed; and, if you further find that lie did not accept any policy tendered to him after such time, then the plaintiff would be entitled to recover upon this branch of the case.” , We agree with counsel-for appellant that the latter instruction was wholly foreign to the issues presented by the pleadings, and for that reason, if for no other, should not have been given. So, too, we think the motion to direct a verdict should have been sustained. A failure to deliver was the only matter compained of, and the record shows affirmatively that a delivery was in fact made. The subject of an unreasonable delay in making delivery is nowhere suggested in the record until the fourteenth instruction is reached. Something is said in argument concerning the disposition of the policy after it was refused by Armstrong. We cannot see how it is material to consider what disposition he made of the policy after receiving it. Certainly he could not clothev himself with the right to recover back the premiums he had paid by destroying the policy, by giving it back to the postoffiice authorities, or by making any other voluntary disposition of the same. Other assignments of error need not be noticed. Where the complaint may be said to be well-founded, the error is either made clear by what we have already said, or it is of such character that it is not likely to arise upon another trial. For the errors pointed out, the judgment is reversed, and remanded for further proceedings according to law. — Reversed.