Cook v. Smith-Lowe Co.

McClain, C. J. There was evidence tending to show that plaintiff, an experienced miner, had, for about a month before the happening of the accident, been engaged in mining ’ coal in a room of defendant’s mine which he had taken over from one Tracy, who had opened the room, and worked it back for about sixty-five feet from the entry, and had properly propped the roof so far as he had worked out the room; that33 the roof over the track into the room had been for a portion of the distance double-timbered, under the direction of defendant’s pit boss; that Tracy had notified the pit boss that a portion of the roof over the track in the neck of the room where there was no double-timbering, was unsafe, and should be double-timbered,- and that plaintiff was injured by the falling of slate in the neck of the room, where defendant’s pit boss had been advised by Tracy that double-timbering was necessary. The issues on which the case was presented to the jury related to the duty of defendant to double-timber at the place where the accident happened, so as to furnish plaintiff with a reasonably safe place through which to go to and from his work, and to plaintiff’s contributory negligence and assumption of risk. 1. Master and servant neglience of servant: instructions. I. Error is assigned in the giving of an instruction relating to the plaintiff’s alleged contributory negligence, in which the jury was told that it was the duty of plaintiff while going to his work in the mine to exercise ordinary care for his own safety. The , , criticism of the instruction is that it does not call attention to the possible negligence of plaintiff in failing to inspect the roof, to see whether or not it had become defective prior to the accident. And, in the same connection, it is urged that there was error in refusing a requested instruction as to the duty of plaintiff to take note of the condition of the roof, and notify the company of any defective condition requiring douhle-timhering or other protection for plaintiff’s safety. But the court did direct the jury in the instruction given to consider the surroundings of the plaintiff at the time of his injury, upon whom devolved the duty of caring for the roof at the place where the accident occurred, what plaintiff knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known, of the condition of the roof at the place in question, and what the plaintiff did, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have done, to avoid the danger. In another instruction the duty of the plaintiff to keep his — 34 — room, including the neck thereof, securely propped was explained, and we think that, taking the instructions together, there was not a failure on the part of the court to make plain to the jury that any negligence of the plaintiff in looking after his own safety would defeat his recovery. The case was submitted on both sides, on the theory that the relative duties of the plaintiff and defendant with reference to the safety of the roof in the room and the neck thereof connecting it with the entry were determined by Resolution No. 4, of the agreement between the coal operators and the United Mine Workers of America for District 13, which was offered in evidence, and which is as follows: (a) That, in accordance with the state law, the company shall furnish all necessary timbers, and the miner shall keep his room securely propped. If a miner working in a room fails to securely prop the same, or neglects to prop, as directed by the pit foreman, or carelessly shoots down the props or timbers, and a fall of slate occurs through such failure, neglect, or carelessness, he shall immediately clear his roadway of such falls of slate, and do all necessary retimbering ; and, in case of his neglect to do so, the company may do such work, and charge the expense thereof to such miner, (b) In case the room has been properly timbered, as above set forth, and the roof, from any cause, becomes so heavy as to require double-timbering, the company shall, when notified by the miner, do the necessary work to protect the roadway. The jury could not, under the issues and the theory of the case, have failed to understand that any neglect of duty on the part of plaintiff with reference to his own safety would constitute contributory negligence. The duty to advise the defendant as to the dangerous condition of the roof requiring double-timbering was merely a part of the general duty to exercise ordinary care. The instruction is not to be limited in its meaning to the particular care which plaintiff should have exercised at the very instant of the injury while going to his work, but should — 35 — have been interpreted, and we have no doubt was properly interpreted, by the jury as including the care which he should have previously exercised in advising the defendant of the dangerous condition of the roof at the place where he was injured, if it had been discovered, or in the exercise of ordinary care for his own safety could have been discovered, by the plaintiff. 2. Same: submission of issues. II. In another instruction the jury was directed to determine whether the defendant was negligent, and the failure of defendant to perform the duty of exercising reasonable care to furnish plaintiff a safe entrance to his place of work was pointed out as negligence which would render the defendant liable. But it is said that the court in this instruction told the jury to determine whether defendant was negligent as alleged by plaintiff in his petition, and that three grounds of negligence were there stated, while, as a matter of fact, the court, by agreement of counsel, submitted to the jury only the question of defendant’s negligence in failing to double-timber the portion of the neck of the room where plaintiff was injured. We think, however, that, under the issues as submitted and the evidence, the general duty to make the place safe, which would arise upon notice of a dangerous condition of the roof, could have been understood by the jury only as relating to the general duty of double-timbering on notice of defective condition. The criticism of the instruction is too refined to appeal to our judgment. The instruction was correct in principle, and we cannot see how the jury could have been' misled under the issues and the evidence as presented. There are possible states of facts conceivable, which, if they were shown .in the evidence, might have been within the scope of the instruction,.but not within the scope of the issues as properly submitted; but that would not be a reason for holding the instruction erroneous. The proposition of counsel for plaintiff on the trial, which was assented to by counsel for defendant, was to withdraw all allegations concerning — 36 — the subject of whether the company or the miner looked after the roof in the neck of the room, and all evidence of custom respecting that subject, and he requested the court to instruct the jury to disregard any such evidence on either side, leaving the liability of defendant to depend upon the question whether the neck of the room where the accident occurred should have been double-timbered. The instruction stating the issues submitted to the jury the determination of three questions involving negligence on the part of defendant: First, of failure to remove loose slate from the roof in the entry to the neck of the room; Second, of failure to double-timber the entry, when requested to do so, and Third, failure to furnish plaintiff with a reasonably safe place in which to pass in going to and coming from his work. The first of these related to double-timbering, for if the loose slate was removed there would be no occasion to double-timber, and the third related generally to the safety of the place of work, as to which there was no question save as to the unsafety of the roof due to a loosening of the slate, which would require double-timbering. It seems to us, therefore, that the court did not in fact submit to the jury any question which should have been withdrawn from their consideration under the agreement of counsel. It is evident that the request of counsel for plaintiff was made for the purpose of eliminating any issue as to a custom with reference to the duty of defendant to look after the roof in the neck of the room, as distinct from the body of the room, as to which the evidence showed that the primary obligation to look after the safety of the roof was on the miner. 3. Misconduct: argument new trial. III. During the presentation of the case to the jury, counsel for defendant objected to a statement made by counsel for plaintiff, substantially, that “ miners do not have a very large bank account,” and if plaintiff worked during the time the evidence shows he did work he did not do so because he wanted to, but because he had to, and because “ he had a wife and family, and he — 37 — had to get daily bread.” On motion for new trial these statements of counsel were assigned as misconduct, not being based on any evidence found in the record, and the argument is that these statements were prejudicial to the defendant in getting before the jury the fact that plaintiff was a poor man and the defendant a rich corporation. Such an appeal is condemned in a number of cases decided by this court. Blair v. Madison County, 81 Iowa, 313; Mackerall v. Omaha & St. L. R. Co., 111 Iowa, 547; Sullivan v. Chicago R. I. & P. R. Co., 119 Iowa, 464. But the circumstances under which the statements complained of were made must be taken into account in determining whether the court erred in not setting aside the verdict for such alleged misconduct. It appeared from the testimony that the injury occurred in February, and that plaintiff went back to work about the middle of July following, and from that time until the trial in November had worked during a portion of each •month, so that he was wholly prevented from working during about four months, only, following his injury. There was conflicting testimony of physicians as to the extent of plaintiff’s injuries, but physicians testifying in plaintiff’s behalf stated that such injuries as plaintiff received would incapacitate him for labor for from six months to a year, and that his return to work when he did was an injury to' him, and retarded his complete recovery. It was therefore a legitimate argument that plaintiff’s return to work at the end of less than five months, before he had completely recovered after his injuries, and at a time when physical exertion would be injurious to him, should not be counted against him in determining the amount of his recovery for the injuries which he actually sustained by reason of the accident. The objection to the argument was that there was no evidence in' the record as to the financial condition or situation of plaintiff, and the statement with reference thereto was an improper appeal to the jury as tending to arouse their sympathy or inflame their minds. — 38 — The court suggested that the amount of recovery would not be affected by plaintiff’s financial condition, and counsel for plaintiff expressly disclaimed any intention to influence the jury as to the amount of recovery by this argument, but insisted that the reason why plaintiff returned to work when he ought not to work, and was not able to work, might properly be considered, and that it was a proper inference from facts of general knowledge that plaintiff returned to work, under the circumstances because he felt it necessary to do so in order to support his family. Under these circumstances, we think that the court properly overruled the motion for new trial so far as it was based on the ground of misconduct of counsel. It does not appear that there was any appeal to the sympathies of the jury with reference to the amount of plaintiff’s recovery, but that the appeal was solely with reference to the effect to be given to certain facts appearing in evidence, and that this appeal was based on the statement, which may well be treated as within the general knowledge of everybody, that miners, in this respect like other men who labor for a living, do not have large bank accounts to rely upon. It is not a violent assumption, within general human experience, that men do not persistently pursue the business of mining, or any other business involving physical labor, unless there is some impelling necessity. While it is undoubtedly healthful to labor, men do not usually pursue an arduous occupation, involving severe physical labor, merely for the preservation of health. In short, we see no reason for interfering with the action of the trial court with reference to the alleged misconduct of counsel. 4 Negligence: submission of issue. IV. It is contended for appellant that, under the evidence, there should have been a directed verdict in its favor on the general ground that no negligence of defendant with reference to the safety of the roof in the neck of the room was- made out, and that plaintiff # ' A # was in a better situation to discover the danger, if any, than the pit boss, who was the employé generally — 39 — in charge of tlie working of the mine. Under the contract between plaintiff and defendant, evidenced by the resolution set out in the preceding portion of this opinion, it was undoubtedly the duty of the miner to call the attention of the pit boss to any defect in the roof requiring double-timbering, and it is conceded that the fall of the roof which injured plaintiff could have been prevented only by double-timbering or taking down the slate and boulders so as to render doubletimbering unnecessary, and that the duty of do'uble-timbering or providing against the necessity for it only arose when the pit boss was advised of the dangerous condition. But it appeared in the evidence that Tracy, who had been working the room in ■ which plaintiff was injured before plaintiff took charge of it, had called the attention of the pit boss to the roof at the place where the accident to plaintiff subsequently occurred, insisting that it was in a dangerous condition, and that the pit boss had inspected it, and reached the conclusion that it was not dangerous. After the attention of the pit boss had thus been called to the roof at this place, it became the duty of the defendant, under the resolution, to do such double-timbering as the situation required, and we think that from that time on the responsibility for the safety of this roof rested on defendant, and that the question was for the jury whether, in the discharge of this duty, the defendant had been negligent. There was also a question-for ^the jury as to whether plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in not discovering the danger, and avoiding it by again calling the attention of the pit boss to the subject. But on neither of these questions was the evidence so conclusive that the case could properly be taken from the jury. It may be that the roof was in fact in such dangerous condition as to require doubletimbering by the defendant when the attention of the pit boss was called to it, and yet that the plaintiff, going to work in the room under the approval of the pit boss, without any notice that his predecessor had complained of the condition of — 40 — tbe roof at this place, was not negligent in not making an investigation on his own account, which would have disclosed such dangerous condition. We are satisfied that the ease was properly submitted to .the jury on the evidence, and that the judgment should be affirmed.