Dumbarton Realty Co. v. Erickson

Weaver, J. Though not directly involved in this appeal, a brief statement of the nature of the issue presented in the original case will tend to a clearer understanding of the merits of the several propositions argued by counsel. At one time, more or less remote, the plaintiff or its grantors owned certain lots and blocks of land in Sioux City, near, but not directly bordering upon, the — 679 — Missouri river, while the defendants (except the state of Iowa) owned the lands lying between those first above mentioned and the river shore. Thereafter, according to plaintiff’s claim, the river by gradual and imperceptible movement encroached upon the shore at this point until the lands owned by said defendants and their grantors were completely submerged, and the waters of the river extended to the boundaries of the lands owned by the plantiff, which thereupon became impressed with a riparian character. .Some years later, as plaintiff further alleges, the river, by like gradual and imperceptible movement, receded from the new shore line thus, established until the area formerly owned by the defendants was uncovered, and it is plaintiff’s claim that, by virtue of the riparian character which had .been impressed upon its lands as aforesaid, the title to the uncovered area became vested in itself as an accretion. It is the conflict between this claim and the opposing claims of the defendants, who insist that their title was not extinguished by the erratic movements of the river, which the action was brought to determine. The intervention of the state is based upon the theory that the title to the bed of the river is in itself, and that the land in controversy is not in any proper sense of the word an accretion to the lands of the plaintiff. These issues were tried in the district court, Hon. John E. Oliver, judge, presiding. The evidence consisted of oral testimony taken before the court, and preserved in shorthand by the official reporters W. E. Cody and C. C. Hamilton, the former doing the larger part of the work. There were introduced also a. large number of maps, plats, and other documents bearing upon the respective claims of the parties. Counsel also stipulated and agreed as to' many material undisputed facts; such stipulations and agreements being orally stated, and taken down by the reporter. Upon submission of the cause the court took its decision under advisement, and nearly one year later, December 2, — 680 — 1907, entered its decree in plaintiffs favor. About this time, or shortly before, the reporter, W. E. Cody, became ill though he continued to attend to his work, in part at least, until about December 20, 1907, when it was found that his condition was of such serious character as to compel his relinquishment of business, and on March 10, 1908, he died. In January, 1908, the Attorney-General reported to the executive council the result of the trial in the district court, and was directed to take an appeal from the decree to the Supreme Court. On this order being made the local counsel for the state, and other counsel for defendants, undertook an inquiry into the condition of the record, and especially as to the preservation of the testimony, and it is alleged that the reporter’s notes were not at the time to be found, but on inquiry of Judge Oliver he gave it as his recollection that they were properly certified. Soon afterward the notes were found, and it was revealed that they had never been certified. Mr. Cody’s notes having been written in a hand peculiar to himself, no one could be found to translate them. The trial judge would not trust his memory to reproduce the oral testimony taken before him. No agreement or stipulation could be reached between the parties which would serve to siipply or substitute the record thus lost or rendered unavailable. Thereupon petitions for a new trial were filed as hereinbefore stated. No appeal from the original decree was in fact taken by any of the defendants. Trial being had to the court it made and entered a finding in the following words: “That it is now,' and has been at all times since the entry of the decree in these consolidated causes, impossible to substitute or supply the evidence upon which the consolidated causes were submitted and decided, with a fair degree of faithfulness to the original testimony and evidence.” And on this finding a new trial was ordered, and plaintiff appeals. The several propositions argued by counsel may be — 681 — grouped and considered under two general inquiries: Eirst, whether the relief granted to the appellees by the court below is justified upon statutory or constitutional grounds; and, second, whether, if such relief is not provided for by statute or Constitution, the granting thereof is still a matter within the court’s inherent powers. New triad casualty and misfortune. I. Under our practice act a party to an action in which an appealable order or judgment has been rendered may obtain a reexamination thereof at the same term, upon motion showing sufficient cause therefor, filed within three days. Code, sections . . „ 3755, 3756. Where the grounds for such relief are not discovered until after the term at which the judgment is entered new trial may be granted, upon petition filed within one year, for any of the following reasons: “(1) Eor mistake, neglect or omission of the clerk, or irregularity in obtaining the same; (2) for fraud practiced in obtaining the same; (3) for erroneous proceedings against a minor or person of unsound mind; (4) for the death of one of the parties before the rendition of ■the judgment; (5) for unavoidable casualty or misfortune .preventing the party from prosecuting or defending; (6) for error in the judgment or order shown by a minor within twelve months after arriving at majority.” Code section 4091. So far as we are aware, the trial court has no statutory authority to set aside or vacate a judgment or decree, duly entered and recorded at a prior term, other than is contained in the statute just quoted. If this provision be broad enough to include the case made by the appellees herein, it must be found in the fifth subdivision of the section, which authorizes the vacation of a judgment and the granting of a new trial “for unavoidable casualty or misfortune preventing the party from prosecuting or defending.” A careful reading of this clause makes it very clear that this language has exclusive reference to matters occurring before the entry of the judgment — 682 — sought to be vacated. Indeed its most obvious, though- perhaps not its only, application is to cases where by some casualty or misfortune a defendant has been made to- suffer default, or a plaintiff has been held in default for want of prosecution of his action. It is not every casualty or misfortune which justifies such relief, but only such as “prevents the party from prosecuting or defending.” No such claim is presented in the case before us. All the parties were in court upon the original hearing, the plaintiff prosecuting, and the defendants contesting and defending, each step in the proceedings. The issues were submitted only after a full and complete trial, in which all parties had full opportunity to introduce every item of testimony which they believed to have any bearing upon the controversy. Surely it cannot be said that the death of Mr. Cody, occurring more than a year after the cause was tried and submitted, and three months aftér the entry of the decree, was a casualty preventing these appellees from making their defense. The identical question here raised was before this court in Loomis v. McKenzie, 48 Iowa, 416, where, after an appeal in an equitable cause had been taken, it was found that all the written evidence upon which the cause had been tried was lost without fault on the part of the plaintiff, who thereupon dismissed h-is appeal, and petitioned for a new trial. The petition was granted, and upon an appeal to this court the order was reversed. The ruling of the trial court was there sought to be sustained by reference to this same paragraph of the statute, on the theory that a loss of evidence after trial, thus preventing an effectual appeal, is an “unavoidable casualty or misfortune preventing the party from prosecuting or defending.” That construction of the statute was approved by Adams, J., in a dissenting opinion, but the majority of the court, speaking by Beck, J., held otherwise. The majority opinion says: “It cannot be said a party is pre — 683 — vented from prosecuting or. defending a case by matters occurring after judgment. But it may be said he is prevented from prosecuting or defending his appeal in the case. But no such meaning can be put upon the language. It unmistakably • refers' to casualties which prevented the prosecution or defense at the trial upon which the judgment was entered.” This exposition of the statute has stood unchallenged for more than thirty years, and it is so .well in accord with our views as to the meaning and effect of the language employed that we are not at liberty to reject its authority as a precedent. Without pursuing our inquiry into what may have been held by courts in other jurisdictions under statutes not identical with our own we are disposed to adhere to our former ruling, and say that we have no statutory provision authorizing the granting of a new trial because of casualty or misfortune occurring after the entry of the judgment or decree, which the petitioner seeks to vacate. 2. same. It is suggested in argument that this casualty may properly be said to have occurred before the entry of the decree, because it appears that Hr. Cody had then already entered upon the decline which ended in 3iis death several months later. But the point cannot be sustained. In the first place the trial had been completed, and the cause submitted nearly or quite a full year before the decree was entered, and the testimony could have been, and indeed ought to have been, properly certified by the reporter and presiding judge immediately upon the conclusion of the trial. This, so far as our observation extends, is the substantially universal practice in our trial courts. If not content to rely upon this practice, any party to the proceeding could have made certain the certification .by a simple request to the court or to the reporter, and any doubt in the matter could have been removed by a little inquiry at any time during the year or more which intervened between the close of the trial — 684 — and the entire withdrawal of Mr. Cody from his work. Moreover, even after the decree was entered, at least three weeks elapsed before the reporter reached a condition which forbade application to him for such certification, but the wisdom of examining into the record in this respect does not seem to have impressed itself upon the minds of counsel until too later We do not intend by this suggestion to charge counsel with negligence, but to emphasize the thought, already expressed, that- the death of Mr. Cody, occurring a considerable time after the entry of the decree, cannot fairly be sa'id to have been a casualty preventing the defendants from making their defense, or from a preservation of the record in due form. Finding, as we do, that the statute does not authorize the granting of a new trial, we have to consider whether the granting of such petition is essential to the protection of appellees’ constitutional right of appeal from a finding against them upon the merits of the matters in controversy. 3 constitunal Law right of appeal. If we understand counsel’s position at this point, the argument is as follows: The Constitution of this state grants to every party to an equitable action a right of appeal the Sppreme Court; and, as that right involves a trial de novo upon the evidence offered in the court below, it is indispensable to such right that the evidence produced on the trial below be preserved in authentic form. From these premises the conclusion is sought to be reached that, if without fault of the party desiring to appeal the testimony is lost, it is essential to the full enjoyment of his constitutional right that he be granted a new trial in order that a record may be made upon-which he may have a hearing de novo in the appellate tribunal. For the purposes of the present case- the correctness of the premises may be conceded, but the conclusion cannot be admitted. It is true that our state Constitution (article 5, section 4) gives to the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction in equitable cases. — 685 — Under this provision it has been held that a statute, providing for the trial of an equitable action as an action at law, without securing to the parties the right to have all the evidence reduced to writing and' made of record for use upon appeal, is unconstitutional. Sherwood v. Sherwood, 44 Iowa, 192; Holbrook v. Fahey, 51 Iowa, 408. With the law of these precedents we have no occasion now to quarrel. But the Constitution nowhere undertakes to provide how an appeal shall be taken, or the time within which the right may be exercised, nor does it prescribe or regulate the practice which shall prevail in this class of cases. All this is very appropriately left to the discretion of the Legislature. Exercising this power, the Legislature has explicitly provided the manner and method by which a party to an equitable action may preserve of record everything which is essential to a hearing de novo in this court. The party who fails to observe these regulations, or to present a record in accordance therewith, and is therefore denied a hearing upon the merits of his appeal, is not deprived of any constitutional right. Ilis right of appeal is a right to prosecute the same according to the reasonable rules and regulations imposed by legislative authority. As we have already seen, it was within the right and power of any party to this action to have the evidence duly certified and filed at the close of the trial, and thus made a part of the record. Code, sections 3651, 3652; Chapter 155, Laws 31st General Assembly. This was not done. True, the right to have such certification made did not expire until six months after the entry of the decree, but the facts do not present a case where, by reason of casualty or misfortune, no opportunity has been given the party to make of record the evidence which he desires to have reviewed on appeal. Moreover, we are not prepared to hold that failure to perfect a record or an appeal because of noncompliance with reasonable legislative regulations can be, excused by — 686 — a showing that such noncompliance ivas occasioned by accident, casualty, or misfortune, or that refusal to give effect to such excuse' is the denial of a constitutional right. This right, like all others, must be exercised and worked out through the channels of the law, and to enjoy it the party must put himself in the attitude which the statute prescribes. General rules and regulations are framed with a view to general needs and demands; and a failure to comply therewith, though caused by misfortune beyond the party’s control, does not ordinarily affect their application. Assuming, for instance, the constitutional right of appeal by a party to an' equitable action, counsel will probably not deny that such right must be exercised within the six months prescribed by the statute. It is easily conceivable that the sickness or insanity of such party occurring during that period may prevent an appeal within the time limited, yet a refusal to entertain his appeal, taken at a later date, could hardly be construed into a denial of a constitutional right. In such cases the appeal fails, not because a constitutional right is denied, but because of failure to comply with the conditions constitutionally imposed upon its exercise. If the failure is caused by unavoidable casualty, the party thus handicapped suffers a misfortune, but no wrong for which either Constitution or statute provides a remedy. 4. New trial: failure to certify evidence: substitution of record. II. Independent of express constitutional and statutory provisions, is the granting of such relief within the general equity powers of the court? The question here stated is one of much interest and importtt - tance. We are not prepared .to say that no # x, x 0 case may ar^se which the loss or destruction of a record after decree entered will entitle a party to a new trial. Such reserve or inherent power in the court has been directly or inferentially asserted by many respectable authorities cited by the appellee herein. Curran v. Wilcox, 10 Neb. 449 (6 N. W. — 687 — 762); Hume v. Bowie, 148 U. S. 245 (13 Sup. Ct. 582, 37 L. Ed, 438); Crittenden v. Schermerhorn, 35 Mich. 370; People v. Court, 40 Mich. 630; Borrowscale v. Bosworth, 98 Mass. 34; Cutler v. Rice, 14 Pick. (Mass.) 494; Richardson v. State, 15 Wyo. 465 (89 Pac. 1027). And such authority has been hinted at, but never expressly asserted, in decisions of this court. Spinney v. Halliday, 115 Iowa, 420; Loomis v. McKenzie, 48 Iowa, 416; Lowery v. Lowery, 139 Iowa, 363; Ormsby v. Graham, 123 Iowa, 202. In other cases we .seem to have held in effect that, while a court of equity will entertain a proceeding for a'new trial instituted more than one year after the entry of the decree, yet the demand for the new trial must still b'e based on some statutory ground. Lumpkin v. Snook, 63 Iowa, 515; Jackson v. Gould, 96 Iowa, 488; Larson v. Williams, 100 Iowa, 110; Mains v. Bank, 113 Iowa, 395; Ruppin v. McLachlan, 122 Iowa, 343; Richards v. Moran, 137 Iowa, 220. But none of these cases present the precise question which is here raised, and we may fairly say that it remains an open question whether a court off equity may not, in the exercise of its general equity powers, order a new trial when the record of the evidence has been wholly lost without fault of the party applying, and it is not within the power of such party, or of the court upon his application to restore or substitute the lost record. Nor is it necessary now to pass upon that proposition; for, even if the existence of such authority be admitted, the case before us is not one calling for its exercise. We have here no lost record. The evidence taken still exists, so far as appears, in precisely the form in which it was left at the close of the trial. That it was never made of record is, in part at least, the fault of the appellees. True, (the time in which certification by the reporter could have been procured was materially lessened by his death, but it cannot be said that no opportunity was given for that purpose. Or, if for the purposes of the case — 688 — we treat as done that which ought to have been done, and consider the evidence as having been made of record, and then lost or by some unavoidable casualty rendered unavailing to the party wishing to appeal, our statute expressly provides for a substitution of the missing record, even to the retaking of the testimony. Code, section 4127; Loomis v. McKenzie, 48 Iowa, 416; Ormsby v. Graham, 123 Iowa, 202. By pursuing this remedy the losing party preserves his right to trial de novo on appeal, while the prevailing party is not deprived of the legitimate advantage of the decree in his favor pending the disposition of the case by the appellate tribunal. So, also, if the testimony taken and considered by the court be lost before the party has reasonable opportunity to have it made of record, we see no good reason for denying to the court the power to direct that it be retaken. No relief of this nature wTas asked by the appellees. Whatever may be the length and breadth of their inherent powers, courts are always slow to draw thereon until the party asking it has fairly and fully exhausted the remedies provided by the written laws of the land. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the witnesses testifying in the case could not have been recalled and their testimony retaken. The judge who presided at the trial, even though not able himself to reproduce the record, would easily have been able to keep the re-examination of the witnesses within the general lines observed in the original hearing, and to effect a practical perfection of the record. This of course would necessitate labor and expense, but certainly not in excess of that which would be imposed upon the parties by the granting of a new trial. It is to be admitted that counsel as witnesses testify that in their judgment a reproduction of the testimony was impracticable. If by this is meant a repetition of identical questions and answers, the view thus expressed is doubtless correct, but substantial accuracy — 689 — does not require a literal copy of the record. The subject-matter of the controversy remains the same; the identity of the witnesses is unchanged; their knowledge and memory of material facts ought not to have become -seriously impaired; the theory of counsel, as to the facts and the law of the case must still have been fresh in their minds — and, with these factors in hand, we feel very certain that the retaking of the evidence, though a work of much magnitude; was by no means impossible. We conclude that the trial court erred in granting a new trial, and the order must therefore be reversed.