Chapman v. Newell

Weaver, J. The testator died August 27, 1907, a widower and childless. He had long been a resident of Louisa County and had accumulated property, the amount of which does not seem to Lave been proven on the trial, but is stated by counsel to be somewhere from $20,000 to $25,000, and so far as shown he was not largely indebted. On May 10, 1902, he executed the will in controversy. It had been prepared for him by counsel and appears to have been drawn according to his directions. The instrument is too long to be.incorporated in full in this opinion; but we will quote such portions as are necessary to an understanding of its terms. In an introduction to the instrument, he first speaks of his widowed and childless condition, and states his reasons for not leaving his estate to his collateral relatives. He then proceeds as follows: I have lived since my youth in Louisa County, Iowa, and have accumulated my property here. I have shared the hardships of pioneer- life with those who first settled in Louisa County, and a large number of those early pioneers, who were endeared to me by the warmest tics of friendship, together with a number of my family and relatives, are buried in the cemeteries in Concord and Columbus City townships. I am also under grateful obligation to all my present neighbors and friends of the present generation, who by their uniform kindness and friendship have cheered me in my declining years, and it is my desire to so leave the property that I have accumulated that the friends, both of my youth and old age, may be remembered. In my opinion, no more fitting tribute can be made to the memory of those that are dead than to provide in a measure for preserving and beautifying their last resting place and that there is no better way of remembering the present generation than to assist so far as I can, in advancing the interest of the public schools of this county. Therefore it is my desire that after the expenses of my last sickness and funeral and administration upon my estate are paid the property be disposed of in the following maimer: [418] First. I give, devise and bequeath the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000) to be held perpetually in trust- and invested as hereinafter set forth, and the interest or income thereof to be paid to the trustees or managing officers of Columbus City cemetery, in Louisa County, Iowa, yearly; the interest or income from said investment to be used by said trustees in improving, caring for and beautifying said burial grounds. In the second and third paragraphs he bequeaths, upon like terms and conditions, the “sum of $1,000 each for the benefit of Indian Creek cemetery and Fredonia cemetery,” both in Concord township in Louisa County. The eighth or residuary clause of the will is as follows: “All the rest and remainder of my estate including the proceeds of the land sold, and after the payment, of the legacies above named I give, devise and bequeath absolutely and without reservation to the permanent school fund of Louisa County, Iowa.” In subsequent paragraphs he provided for the appointment by the court of a trustee, who shall take charge of the bequests made in the first, second, and third paragraphs, which trustee shall lend the same on the security of Louisa County farm lands or, in certain contingencies, upon like security in adjoining counties, or investment may be made in safe bank stock.. He also directs that the trustee make a yearly report of his trust to the district court, and limits the amount of compensation he shall receive for his services. The plaintiffs deny the validity of the first, second, third, and eighth paragraphs above quoted, and insist that as to the moneys and properties which the testator sought to devote to the benefit of the cemeteries named and the bequest to the permanent school fund of the county he must be held to have died intestate. The grounds of these contentions will be more specifically noted later in this opinion. I. 'Plaintiffs allege that they are collateral heirs of [419] the testator who are entitled to share in any intestate property left by him. This allegation appears to he covered by the denials of the answer, and we find no evidence or concession hy which the relationship is established. However, as no point is made by appellee npon this apparent failure of proof, we shall consider the appeal upon its merits. I. Wills: cemeteries: bequests: statutes. statutes. II. No claim is made that the testator was of unsound mind, or that the will was procured by undue influence. It's- due execution is not denied, and it has heen Properly probated. The bequests for the benefit of the several cemeteries mamed (all 0f wbich are of a public character) are said to be void: First, because the will in this respect ignores or fails to conform to the statute (Code Supp., title 3, chapter 5a); and, second, because it undertakes to create a perpetuity in violation of Code, section 2901. We think neither objection can avail. As to the first, the statute relied upon does no more than to authorize the “owner or owners of a cemetery to procure the appointment of a trustee who shall be authorized to receive, invest, manage, and control moneys given by way of a permanent fund or endowment, the income of which shall he applied to the use and maintenance of such cemetery.” The effect of the statute is to permit perpetual trusts or endowments for privately owned cemeteries. It has no application either in terms or by inference to public cemeteries, the maintenance of which is in our judgment a charitable use and therefore within the recognized exceptions to the operation of the statute against perpetuities. 2. Same: charitable uses. Lord Camden defines a “charitable gift” to be “a gift to general public use which extends to the poor as well as to the rich.” Jones v. Williams, Ambl. 651. See, also, Coggeshall v. Pelton, 1 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 292 (11 Am. Dec. 411). It is “whatever is given for the [420] love of God or for the love of your neighbor in the catholic and universal sense.” Vidal v. Girard, 43 U. S. 137 (11 L. Ed. 205). Something done or given for the benefit of our fellows or of the public. Knight’s Estate, 159 Pa. 500 (28 Atl. 303). Any general public use extending to all, rich or poor, is not void, although in some forms it creates a perpetuity. Piper v. Moulton, 72 Me. 159. The statute, 43 Eliz., defining charitable uses, enumerates, among others, the relief of the poor, the promotion of education, the repair and maintenance of public buildings and works, including improvement of ports, havens, bridges, and other enterprises of a public character. And at common law any purpose was construed to be charitable which was within the- principle and reason of that statute, though not expressly named in it, and the term is given even a wider and more comprehensive meaning in modern times than was recognized in the reign of Elizabeth. Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen (Mass.) 551. In Donohugh’s Appeal, 86 Pa. 306, “charity” is defined as something done out of good will, benevolence, and a desire to add to the happiness or the improvement of one’s fellow beings. In Ould v. Hospital, 95 U. S. 303 (24 L. Ed. 450), a charitable use, where neither law nor public policy forbids, is said to be “almost anything that tends to promote the well-doing or well-being of social man.” 'Other courts have said the real test whether an enterprise is charitable is its purpose, and, if its purpose is to make profit, it is not charitable. Long v. Rosedale (C. C.) 84 Fed. 135. Gifts for the improvement of a city, a devise to bring water into a town, and to build a town hall have been held to be charitable. Drury v. Natick, 10 Allen (Mass.) 178; Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen (Mass.) 552. That the providing and maintenance of a suitable place for the burial of the dead is one of public use and benefit is not open to question. A decent respect for the [421] memory of the dead is a universal characteristic of civilized society. No depth of misfortune or poverty can deprive one of its members of the right to a grave, and a rule of law which would deny a generous testator the right to establish a trust for such uses, and yet uphold a trust to pave a street, maintain waterworks, improve navigation, build bridges, maintain churches and hospitals, would lack the elements of both reason and consistency. IJpon the principle that a trust for the maintenance of the donor’s own burial lot is not in the nature of a public use or public charity, some courts have permitted avaricious descendants to transmute the graves of their ancestors into cash. See cases cited in 5 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.); but this rule is not universally accepted. There have also been suggestions that cemeteries held by private or corporate ownership are not proper beneficiaries of such trust; but that qustion is not now before us. The greater weight of authority tends to sustain trusts for the maintenance of cemeteries which are provided for or given to public use. Webster v. Morris, 66 Wis. 366 (28 N. W. 353, 57 Am. Rep. 278); Sheldon v. Stockbridge, 67 Vt. 299 (31 Atl. 414); Ralston's Estate, 1 Chest. Co. Rep. (Pa.) 482; In re Vaugh, Chancery Div. 187; Hopkins v. Grimshaw, 165 U. S. 352 (17 Sup. Ct. 401, 41 L. Ed. 739); Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St. 102 (19 N. E. 572, 2 L. R. A. 753, 15 Am. St. Rep. 562), 6 Cyc. 618, 900. And the case at bar is well within this rule, which commands our approval. Adhering to the law as stated, it follows that the first, second, and third paragraphs of the will under consideration are not void. It may also be added that, even if they should be declared void, the amount or sums of money thus released would fall into the residuum of the estate and pass under the eighth paragraph to the school fund, a bequest which, as hereinafter indicated, we hold to be valid. [422] 3. Same: bequest to school fund: certainty of purpose and beneficiaries. III. The validity of the eighth paragraph of tho will, which gives the bulk of the estate to the permanent school fund of Louisa County, is disputed on the ground that there is no such fund, and that the gift is not person, corporation, individual, or thing capable of accepting it, and is therefore voi¿ for uncertainty. The argument on the part of appellant is largely devoted to the proposition here stated, and much reliance is placed on the thought that there is no such thing as “the permanent .school fund of Louisa County,” and that the gift is therefore hopelessly meaningless and indefinite and can not be aided or validated by judicial construction. It may be conceded that the statute has not created a fund specifically designated as a “county permanent school fund.” But no rule is more firmly established than that a charit- ■ able gift is not invalidated because of any mistake or ambiguity in expressing its purpose or describing its beneficiaries, if from the language of the will, construed in the light of all the facts and circumstances surrounding the devise or. bequest, the intent of the donor is reasonably apparent. 4. Same: construction of trusts: evidence: designation of trustee. To aid in such construction, extrinsic evidence of the circumstances is always admissible. Johnson's Estate, 141 Iowa, 109. It is well settled that the name of the beneficiary need not be mentioned in the will creating the trust. See cases collected in 5 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 917, and 6 Cyc. 935. So, also, though no donee or trustee be named, or if one be named who is incapable of taking and holding the gift for charitable uses, the trust will not be allowed to fail, as a court of equity will supply a proper trustee. Johnson v. Mayne, 4 Iowa 180; Eliot's Appeal, 74 Conn. 586 (51 Atl. 558); Klumpert v. Vrieland, 142 Iowa, 434. [423] 5. Same: bequest to permanent school fund: certainty of purpose. [422] Starting with these fundamental rules in view, our [423] first inquiry is whether there is any real ambiguity or uncertainty as to the purpose to which the testator sought to dedicate his estate. Is the reference to the “permanent school fund of Louisa County” so indefinite, uncertain, or meaningless that the gift must fail? The laws of this state provide a scheme for the establishment and support of a system of public schools whereby every city, town, village, and country neighborhood is or may be supplied with facilities for the education of its children in the elementary branches of learning. In aid of this purpose, the general government at an early date made liberal grants of land, and the moneys derived from this source, increased by others derived from escheats, have been preserved as a permanent trust fund, the interest and income from which are applied to the support of our common schools. Code, section 2838. While it is a state fund in the sense that it has been created by the authority of the state which retains supervision over it, to the end that it be not lost or impaired, yet the state does not attend to its management, control, or investment, but' apportions it “among the several counties.” Code, section 2838. The board of supervisors in each county “hold and manage the securities” given to the school fund in its county. Code, section 2838. Actions for or-in behalf of the fund are brought for its use by the county attorney in the name of the county. Losses arising in its management are paid by the county. It remains permanently with the county and in the management of the board of supervisors though, if it be found impracticable to keep it all invested in loans, such unemployed portion may be transferred to another county (Code, section 2856), and any excess of interest over the proper share of the county in the annual or semi-annuál apportionment (which is made on the basis of school population) is accounted for to the state. Code, section 2847. Observing these facts, it is a very [424] natural thing that one should speak of that portion of the permanent school fund which has been apportioned to the county, and which is held and managed by the county officers, and is invested and collected in its name, as the. “county permanent school fund” or the “permanent school funds of the county.” Indeed, we think it a matter of common observation and common knowledge that such is the usual, if not universal, form of expression among our people in referring to this feature of our common-school system. In the light of this situation, we must read the will which is here in controversy. There is a permanent school fund in Louisa County, held and managed by its board of supervisors, and the interest therefrom is applied to the support of the common schools of that county. When, therefore, the testator, an old resident of the state and county, familiar in the 'ordinary way with its system of school support, declares his desire “to assist in advancing the interests of the public schools of this county,” and in pursuance of such desire proceeds to make a devise “to the permanent school fund of Louisa County,” can there be any reasonable question concerning the purpose of his benefaction? It would be the sheerest affectation for the court to express any doubt on the subject. What he intended, and what he said in so many words was to assist in promoting the interests of “the public schools of this (Louisa) County.” To that end he declares his gift to the “permanent school fund of Louisa County.” This devise does not attempt to treat the “permanent school fund” as being in itself a person or corporation capable of receiving and enjoying the gift, but it is as if the testator had said, “I devise and bequeath the remainder of my estate to increase the permanent school fund of Louisa County,” or, “I give and bequeath to Louisa County for a permanent school fund.”’ If, for instance, the will had contained a devise “to the Schoolhouse Lund of the Independent School District of Wapello [425] in Louisa County,” there would not be the slightest hesitation on the part of any lawyer in saying that this was a good devise to the independent district for the use or upon the trust therein expressed. The trust created by this will can not, therefore, be avoided for any ambiguity or uncertainty as to its purpose. If that purpose be a lawful one, the trust will not be allowed to fail because of any lack of precision in the terms in which the gift is expressed. The court will not stop to consider whether the gift is a wise one. The intestate’s property was his own, presumably the product of his own labor and management, and it was his right to select the object and purposes to which it should be applied after his death. He was under no legal obligation to provide for his collateral relatives, and, whatever he did with his estate, they were not wronged. His will has been duly probated. Its provisions are clear, and they must be effectuated unless the gift or devise to which objection'is made is found contrary to some statute or settled principle of law. That a devise to promote public interests is valid is not open to dispute. The courts have sustained gifts and trusts for public improvements (Jones v. Williams, Amb. 651); to aid in payment of the public debt (Newland v. Attorney General, 3 Mer. 684); for a public park (Bartlett’s Case, 163 Mass. 509, 40 N. E. 899); for the support of free public schools in a certain district (John’s Will, 30 Or. 494, 47 Pac. 341, 50 Pac. 226, 36 L. R. A. 242); to pay salaries of additional school teachers (Webster v. Wiggin, 19 R. I. 73, 31 Atl. 824, 28 L. R. A. 510); for erection of a courthouse (Stuart v. Easton, 74 Fed. 854, 21 C. C. A. 146); the drainage of land (Henry County v. Winnebago, 52 Ill. 454); and for many other similar purposes. Quite in point, see, also, Heuser v. Harris, 42 Ill. 425, and Skinner v. Harrison, 116 Ind. 139 (18 N. E. 529, 2 L. R. A. 137). [426] 6. Same: validity of bequest. [425] As will he seen from the foregoing precedents, it con-. [426] stitutes no reason for holding a gift void that it is made for a purpose for which other and perhaps ample provision has been made by law, and, if a testator conceives that his estate may be usefully employed in reducing the public burdens or increasing the amounts provided by law for any specific public benefit the law places no ban upon his assistance to that end. Indeed, the validity of such gifts is recognized by our own statutes. Code, section 2903, and Code Supp. section 140. 7. Same: bequests: construction. Counsel argues that to uphold the gift involves a change in the will as made by the testator. Not so. Language^ is construed by the .courts not to force upon it a meaning the testator did not intend, but to give force and effect to his meaning. And . to accomplish that end no rule is more just or more frequently applied than that which permits and requires the court to consider all relevant circumstances, both intrinsic and extrinsic, which will help to give coherence and clearness to expressions which might otherwise be obscure. For an illustrative example, see Skinner v. Harrison, 116 Ind. 139. There the testator made a devise to “Harrison township” to establish a fund the interest from which should be used for the support of the common schools. Now it happened that in the state of Indiana there were at that time no less than twenty-two townships named “Harrison,” and each constituted both a civil township and a school township, and each a corporation capable of holding property for appropriate public purposes. Without extrinsic evidence it was impossible to know .who was the intended beneficiary. But the fact that the testator resided in a particular Harrison township being made to appear, the court held that' the devise was neither ambiguous nor uncertain, and that the clear intent of the testator was to make the gift to the school town [427] ship of his residence. See, also, Johnson's Estate, 141 Iowa, 109; Le Fevre v. Le Fevre, 59 N. Y. 434. 8. Same: designation of trustee. In their reply, argument appellants repeat with much emphasis and apparent confidence that, , even conceding all others points be ruled against them, there is an insurmountable obstacle to the upholding of the will in the want of power in Louisa County to receive such bequest. As we have seen, such power is expressly given the county by statute (Code Supp., section 740), which also provides for the appointment of trustees by the court whenever it is necessary to give due effect to the will. Moreover, even in the absence of such statute, and in the absence of such power to accept and administer such trust, the purpose being lawful, the gift will not fail because .of the disqualification of the trustee, for the court .will intervene to supply one. Vidal v. Girard, 43 U. S. 127 (11 L. Ed. 205); Sheldon v. Stockbridge, 67 Vt. 299 (31 Atl. 414; McDonough v. Murdoch, 56 U. S. 367 (14 L. Ed. 732). The conclusion is inevitable that the eighth paragraph of the will of S. N. Spurgeon is valid and enforceable. We are not called upon to consider the manner in which the gift shall be administered. Code Supp., section 740, gives to the county authority to receive gifts and to administer the same through its proper officers 'according to the terms and conditions on which such gifts are made. Those two trusts, like all others, are subject to the supervision of the court, which will make such orders and give such directions' as may be necessary to make certain that the substantial intent of the testator shall be faithfully observed. The decree appealed from is correct and must be affirmed.