Clark ex rel. Clark v. Johnson County Telephone Co.

McClain, J. This is an appeal from the judgment on' a second trial of the case. On the first trial there was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff and • a reversal on appeal to this court. 137 Iowa, 81. It is unnecessary to repeat the general statement of the evidence embodied in the first opinion. That statement will suffice to show the .issues and in general the testimony on which the second1 trial was had. Briefly, however, plaintiff sought to recover for injuries received by- him as lineman in the employ of defendant company while engaged in repairing or rendering safe a lead of telephone wires of the. defendant company, which, by reason of a very severe sleet storm, had become covered with ice, imposing an unusual strain on the poles supporting such wires. Plaintiff, previously employed as “trouble man,” was directed on the morning of the accident, in view of the emergency — 431 — to work with the linemen, and under the general direction of the, foreman went up one of the poles supporting the lead to cut the wires. While so employed, the pole broke, and plaintiff fell to the ground, receiving severe injuries. The negligence alleged consisted in the act of the foreman in sending plaintiff into a position of danger without sufficiently warning him as to the danger involved, and without guarding against such danger by “lacing” or otherwise supporting the poles so as to prevent their falling when the wires were cut. The defendant denied generally the allegations of plaintiff’s petition, and specifically alleged that plaintiff knew the danger and assumed the risk thereof, and, also, that plaintiff’s negligence contributed to his injury. This brief statement of the issues is sufficient to indicate the bearing of the errors of law alleged as grounds for a reversal. 1. Telephones: injury to employee: assumption of risk: instructions. I. It is contended that the court failed to sufficiently instruct the jury as to the assumption of risk arising from defendant’s negligence as pleaded by defendant, in that such issue was not distinctly stated, and that with reference thereto the law was not properly given. On examining the instructions, we find that the issue was stated substantially in accordance with the allegations of' defendant’s answer, and that 'the jury could not have failed under the instructions to understand that if with knowledge of the dangers incident to the' particular work which he was directed to do, whether due to the conditions or to the failure of defendant to lace the poles, plaintiff engaged in the particular work which he was directed to perform, he assumed the risk thereof, and could not recover. It is not practicable to set out the instructions at length for the purpose of demonstrating the correctness of this conclusion. It is enough to say that the issue was properly presented, and that the jurors were instructed as to the questions for their determination in reference thereto. — 432 — 2. Same. II. The paragraph of the instructions in which the jury was more specifically directed to consider the question of assumption of risk- is, however, criticised on the ground that, while referring to the general assumption 0£ rist 0f the dangers of employment, it does not with sufficient definiteness refer to the assumption of risk of the specific danger due to the method in which the work was being done with knowledge of the failure of the defendant to lace or otherwise support the poles as against the strain which would result from the cutting of the wires. But we find that in this instruction the jurors were told that it was the duty of the master to protect and warn plaintiff with regard to the risks and dangers which the defendant in the exercise of reasonable diligence should know to be involved in the performance of the work in the method directed and which it had reason to believe the plaintiff did not know of, or in the exercise of reasonable care did not appreciate, and therefore did not assume, and that, though defendant was in this respect negligent, plaintiff could not recover if he was aware of the danger, or if it was so patent that as a person of ordinary capacity he ought to have known and appreciated it, and with such knowledge voluntarily went ahead with the work. This we think was in general a proper direction, and we fail to see any respect in which the jury should have been misled as to the application of the law to the facts. 3. Same: burden of proof: instructions. III. As to the burden of proof, it is said that the court did not sufficiently instruct that it was for the plaintiff to show that the danger was not one incident to the general employment in which he was engaged. But we think it plain, taking the . . 7 , 7 instructions together, that the ¡jury must have understood that in this respect the burden was on the plaintiff, and that without evidence to sustain this burden he could not recover. — 433 — 4. Same: instructions: when not misleading. — 432 — IV. In one instruction the jurors were told to deter — 433 — mine whether or not defendant was guilty of some one or more of the claimed negligent acts of commission or omission, and whether or not such negligence, if any, was the direct and proximate cause of the injury, and whether or not the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence; and were directed thát: “If you find that said injury, if any, was caused by the negligence of defendant, and without any fault or negligence on the part of plaintiff which contributed to said injury, if any, or that the risk was not such as was assumed by plaintiff as hereinafter instructed, then you will find for the plaintiff, but, if you do not so find, you will find for the defendant.” The quoted portion of this instruction is perhaps not accurate, in that the jury is left to determine in the alternative whether there was negligence of defendant without contributory negligence of plaintiff or assumption of risk. But, taking this instruction with others, we think that the use of the word “or,” Instead of “and,” could not have been misleading to the jury, for subsequent instructions clearly point out that there must be a finding of negligence, and also a finding that the risk resulting from such negligence was not assumed by the plaintiff. 5. Same: statement of issues: failure to withdraw immaterial issue: harmless error. It is said that one allegation of negligence as to which there was no evidence was improperly submitted to the jury for a finding. This allegation of negligence, however, was only stated in the recital of the allegations found in the petition, and is not subsequently referred to in the instructions.' Without determining, therefore, whether there was evidence in support of this allegation, it is sufficient to say that the jury can not be assumed to have found for the plaintiff solely on this ’allegation. The other allegations of negligence as to which the jurors were specifically instructed were amply supported by — 434 — the evidence, and we reach the conclusion that there could not possibly have been any prejudice to the defendant in the failure of the court to specifically withdraw from the attention of the jury the allegation which is said to have been improperly submitted. No request that this matter be withdrawn was made, and, as it was not specifically submitted, appellant can not complain. 6. Master and servant: safe place to work: sumptionof risk. V. In a general way, it is contended that the obligation of defendant to furnish plaintiff a safe place to work did not exist in this case, because the place where plaintiff was working was rendered unsafe in the very ° employment in which plaintiff was engaged; hi other, words, that the work of repair in which plaintiff was engaged necessarily involved danger of which he was charged with notice. The well-settled principle invoked did not, however, as we think, relieve defendant from liability if its foreman directed the plaintiff to work under conditions which were to his knowledge as a reasonably prudent man particularly dangerous on account of the failure of defendant to take precautions as to the prosecution of the work which a reasonably prudent employer would have taken for the safety of his employees. While it is true that a servant employed to make a dangerous place safe assumes the risk of the very danger which he undertakes to remove, he does not assume the risk of the method employed in doing such dangerous work if that method is unnecessarily hazardous in respects as to which the employee has no knowledge, provided that in these respects the employment could have been rendered less hazardous by the exercise of reasonable care on the part of the employer. The cases of Olson v. Maple Grove Coal & M. Co., 115 Iowa, 74, and Martin v. Des Moines Edison Light Co., 131 Iowa, 724, are not inconsistent with, but rather support this conclusion. — 435 — 7. Same: expert evidence. — 434 — VI. Various objections to.questions propounded to witnesses called for the plaintiff to testify as to the usual — 435 — and ordinary method of proceeding under the conditions under which plaintiff was put to work were overruled by the court; and error is assigned in these rulings. The witnesses appeared from their testimony to be competent to testify as experts, and they were asked questions relating to the conditions which they had already described in their testimony. The matters as to which they were asked to express opinions were matters as to which an expert would be much 'better qualified to form a judgment than the jurors who could not be presumed to be familiar with the strains on the poles which would result from particular methods of proceeding. Of course, the jurors would understand about the direct weight of the wires on the poles, but they could not be presumed to understand the nature and amount of the strain which the long lead of wires covered with ice would exert upon the particular pole upon which plaintiff was at work cutting the wires. The questions were not open to the objection that they called for the opinions of the witnesses on the very issue which was to be submitted to the jury for determination. It is true the .jurors might have to say whether the method pursued was the usual and ordinary method in reaching an ultimate conclusion as to whether the defendant was negligent, but the propriety of the method was not the ultimate question for the jury’s decision, and it was a question as to which competent witnesses might express an opinion. The objection that the witnesses were asked to invade the province of the jury is not well takén. We find no error in the rulings of the court in these respects. 8. Injury to telephone lineman: damages. VII. The action of the court in overruling a motion to direct a verdict for the defendant is assailed on the ground that there was no evidence to sus- . tain the allegations of negligence, and that the evidence showed the injury complained of to have been caused by the negligence of plaintiff. An — 436 — examination of the record satisfies ns that there was ample evidence to support the verdict, and we would not be justified in setting it out in detail. The court could not properly under the showing made in the record have directed a verdict for the defendant. The complaint that the verdict is excessive is likewise without foundation. Plaintiff received a severe injury, and as a result it appears that he will never, have the full use of his right arm. Several operations were necessary to finally reduce the fracture and put the arm in the best possible condition, and plaintiff suffered much pain and was confined to the hospital for a considerable period of time. In view of this showing, we would not be justified in reducing the verdict of $4,Y50, which was rendered on this trial. Appellee’s motion to strike appellant’s argument which was ordered submitted with the case is overruled. Finding no error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.