Klopp v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.

Deemer, J. The petition filed by plaintiff was denominated a petition at law, but was really an action of mandamus to require the defendant to construct an underground crossing, connecting his lands on either side of the defendant’s right of way, and asking a judgment for damages. In due season defendant filed an answer to this petition. Thereafter the defendant was given leave to — 468 — withdraw its answer, and to file a motion to transfer the cause to the equity side of the docket. This motion was overruled by the court on the 12th day of November, 1910; the defendant preserving its exception. Thereupon the defendant filed an answer, setting forth various defenses, and, after filing its second answer, the defendant filed its second motion to transfer the case to the equity side of the doeket. This last motion was overruled by the court on the 14th day of November, 1910. The case was assigned for trial and came on for hearing on the 14th day of November. When the case was reached, the defendant made the following objection: “The defendant objects to the calling, swearing, or impaneling of a jury in this cause, and objects to the cause being tried before a jury, because section 4341 of the Code Supplement of 1907 provides that all such cases shall be tried as equitable actions, and the court has no right, authority, or jurisdiction to try the. same before a jury.” This objection was overruled, a jury was impaneled, and the case proceeded to trial to a jury. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence defendant moved for a directed verdict, which motion was overruled, and the defendant excepted. At the conclusion of all the evidence, ;the defendant renewed its motion for a directed verdict, which motion was overruled and exception again taken. The jury was then instructed and returned a verdict with the answer to the special interrogatory heretofore set out. Defendant excepted to the verdict, and thereupon filed a motion for decree and judgment denying the writ of mandamus. This motion was based upon the defenses pleaded in defendant’s answer, and raised practically all the questions which it relied upon as a defense to plaintiff’s suit. This motion was overruled, and a judgement and order for writ of mandamus granted' as prayed. — 469 — i. Railroads: crossings: mandamus'. trial by court. — 468 — I. The appeal challenges many of the rulings and orders of the trial court. The only one which we need now consider is the trial of the case to a jury over the — 469 — defendant’s objections, which were interposed at the time the jury was called; and perhaps the ruling on the first motion made by the defendant to transfer the cause to the equity docket. The statute with reference to actions of. mandamus in force when this action was tried reads as follows: “The action of mandamus is one brought to obtain an order commanding ... a corporation or person to do or not to do an act, the performance or omission of which the law enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station. . . . All such actions shall be tried as equitable actions.” Code Supplement, section 4341. That the action was of mandamus, and was properly brought as such, is practically conceded. Indeed, such, is the holding in Boggs v. Railway, 54 Iowa, 435. Whether it be proper to entitle it in the petition as an action at law or in equity is not, as we think, material. Until the change in the statute, it was generally recognized as a special proceeding, or an action at law and triable to a jury, but the statute now says that “all such actions (no matter whether at law or in equity) shall be tried as equitable actions.” Section 3650 of the Code provides that: “Issues of fact in an ordinary action must be tried by jury, unless the same is waived. All other actions shall be tried by the court, unless a reference thereof eis made.” This section has not been regarded as applicable to what are now denominated in the Code (section 3425) as special actions. See In re Bresee, 82 Iowa, 573; Porter v. Butterfield, 116 Iowa, 729; Green v. Smith, 111 Iowa, 185; Frank v. Hollands, 81 Iowa, 166; In re Culver’s Estate 153 Iowa, 461. As the statute expressly provides that the action shall be tried as an equitable one, the court had no right or authority, over defendant’s objections, to order the case tried .to a jury; and was not justified in shifting the responsibility to such a tribunal. The parties were entitled to the personal judgment and decision of the court, and — 470 — the designation of the petition as one at law, instead of a petition in equity, did not warrant the court in refusing to try the issues, where the request was made before the trial was actually begun. This question is settled, as we think, in Hobart v. Hobart, 51 Iowa, 513. This, it is true, was a divorce suit, which, over the objection of the defendant, the court referred to a jury, received the juryjs verdict, and entered a decree in accord with the verdict so returned. The question arose upon appeal as to the validity of such a verdict, and in the course of the opinion the court said: Section 2998 of the Revision provides: ‘Issues of law must be tried by the court unless referred as provided in section 3089. An issue of fact in an action by ordinary proceedings must be tried by a jury, unless a jury trial shall be waived, as provided in section 3087, or a reference be ordered as provided in section 3090.’ Section 2740 of the Code of 1873, which is a substitute for section 2998 of the Revision, is as follows: ‘Issues of fact, in an action of ordinary proceeding, must be tried by jury, unless the same is waived. All other issues shall be tried by the court, unless a reference thereof is made.’ Sections 2741 and 2742 of the Code, which are substituted for section 2999 of the Revision, do not contain the provision respecting the submission of a question of fact to a jury to inform the conscience of the court. This omission is very significant, and sufficient of itself to raise a strong presumption of an intention to change the practice in such cases. But, in addition to this omission, section 2740 of the Code affirmatively provides for the manner in which issues of fact shall be tried. This section declares that all issues, other than issues of fact in an. action in an ordinary proceeding, shall be-tried by the court, unless a reference thereof is made. This provision, it seems to us, places it beyond question that an issue of fact, in an equitable proceeding can not be submitted to a jury. Appellee insists that the exception in section 2740, allowing a reference, authorizes a reference of a question of fact to a jury. But this construction is not admissible. A reference of issues of fact in' actions is provided for in sections 2815-2830 — 471 — of the Code. It is to such a reference that section 2740 refers. It is true that in Sherwood v. Sherwood, 44 Iowa, 192, this court said: ‘It would have been competent for the court to have had the issue respecting the alleged adultery tried by a jury in order to advise the conscience of the court, and this in analogy to the English chancery practice.’ But this point was not in that case, inasmuch as a jury trial was demanded and was refused. Besides, the attention of the court was not directed to the change in the law as to the mode of trial. The same is true as to the Howe Machine Co. v. Woolly, 50 Iowa, 549. A trial by jury was also denied in that case. What was said is a mere repetition of the dictum in the case of Sherwood v. Sherwood, supra. Section 2511 of the Code provides that an action for divorce shall be prosecuted by equitable proceedings. Upon the former appeal of this case it was held that the adoption by the court, upon an examination of the evidence,. of the findings of the referee, does not remove the prejudice which may have resulted from the reference. The same is true as to the adoption by the court of the findings of the jury. The applicability of this decision to the instant case is apparent when we turn to the statute, under which that decision was made, with reference to the trial of divorce suits. It was 2511 of the Code of 1873, which is now 3430 of the present Code, and reads as follows: “An action for a divorce shall be by equitable proceedings.” The one objection interposed in the Hobart case was to the trial of the case to a jury because the law required such cases to be tried by the judge. This objection was overruled, and the case proceeded to trial to a jury, as already indicated. The case was reversed simply because of the error in submitting it to a jury. — 472 — 2 Same-“to statutes. — 471 — Appellee attempts to meet this by referring to the well-known rule, applied to proper cases, to the effect that an error of the plaintiff as to the kind of proceedings adopted shall not cause the abatement or dismissal of the action, but merely a change into the proper proceedings — 472 — and a transfer to the proper docket, and that an error as to the kind of proceedings adopted in the action is waived by a failure to move for its correction at the time and in the manner prescribed in the Code. This procedure is as follows: “Such error may be corrected by the plaintiff without motion at any time before the defendant has answered, or afterwards on motion in court.” (Code, section 3433.) “The defendant may have the correction made by motion at or before the -filing of his answer, where it appears by the provision of this Code wrong proceedings have been adopted.” Code, section 3434.) We do not think these sections are applicable to the case. There was no error in the kind of proceedings adopted. The action was rightly in mandamus, and the sole question for determination was how should such an action be tried, whether to the court or by jury. That question would not arise properly until the case was called for trial. But, if we should hold these sections applicable, the same conclusion would result; for the reason that, while defendant did not file its first motion to transfer at the time of or before the filing of its first answer, it had permission of the court to withdraw this answer, and then filed its motion to transfer. Even if such a motion were necessary, we think the court was in error in denying the first motion to transfer. But the fact is there was no error as to the kind of proceedings adopted. The statute expressly says that the action of mandamus shall be tried as an equitable one, and the court had no power, in view of defendant’s objections, to order .the issues submitted to a jury, and then to adopt the findings of the jury as basis of its judgment and decree. This it seems to us is so plain that argument can add little. — 473 — 3. Same.reversai. — 472 — II. For the error pointed out, the ease must be reversed, and the only remaining question is, What shall be done with it? The trial court has never, as yet, passed — 473 — upon the matter, save as it adopted, the conclusion of the jury. The parties are entitled to his independent judgment, and until that is had this court should not interefere. We may say however, that under the record as it now appears, especially in view of the verdict of the jury, it is very doubtful whether plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded. Under the facts as we understand them, and, of course, they may not be the same upon a retrial, we would be disposed to find that the plaintiff was not entitled to a writ compelling the underground crossing which he seeks to have established. We, therefore, reverse the case that the same may be tried by the court as the Code provides, with permission, of course, to either party to introduce such testimony as it .may have to offer. For the reasons already stated, the judgment must be, and it' is, reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings, in harmony with this opinion. — Reversed and remanded.