Storey v. J. C. Mardis Co.

Evans, J. The defendant is a general contractor, and as such, employs men of various trades in the performance of his contracts. At the time of the accident in question, the defendant ivas engaged in performing a contract for the remodeling and repairing of the Shops Building in Des Moines. For this purpose, he had in his employ carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, painters, etc. The deceased ivas a bricklayer, and ivas engaged in the defendant’s employ as such. He was engaged in taking doAvn and rebuilding a part of the Avail. The place of his work was four stories above the ground, and he occupied a scaffold as such place of work. Shortly after he had entered upon his Avork upon such scaffold, he fell therefrom, and was killed thereby. The principal specifications of negligence relied on by the plaintiff are: (1) That the boards which constituted the floor of [811] the scaffold were not nailed to the supports; whereas they ought to have been so nailed. (2) That said boards extended for an undue length at each end beyond the supports upon which they rested, and were, therefore, in danger of tipping when weight was put thereon. (3) That the scaffold had no railing. The defense interposed is a general denial and a plea of contributory negligence. The broad grounds of defense urged particularly in argument are.: (1) That, if there was negligence in the .construction of the scaffold, it was the negligence of the fellow servants who constructed the same, for which the master was not liable. (2) That the defects in the scaffold complained of in the petition were all open and obvious, and could have been readily observed by the deceased; that, if he failed to observe them, or if he ignored them after observing them, he was guilty of contributory negligence; and that, in any event, he assumed the risk. The foregoing are reducible to the broad contention that the master was under no magisterial obligation to furnish to his employees a scaffold upon which to work, and that the carpenters who erected the same were not, in such work, engaged upon the performance of the master’s duty. Before proceeding to a consideration of these contentions, a few details of evidence must first be stated. The deceased had nothing to do with the erection of the scaffold in question, nor does it appear that it was any part of his employment to make such scaffold. The scaffold had been built by two carpenters, under the direction of the defendant’s foreman, who directed the method and details of the construction. In coming to his work at such place, the deceased came to his place of work upon a scaffold ready-made. The witnesses to the accident testified that a board [812] tipped up, and that the deceased fell from the end of it. There was a dispute in the evidence as to whether the boards were securely nailed or not. Concededly, there was no railing. Concededly, also, the floor boards extended at each end two or three feet beyond the lookout upon which they were supported. I. Was the scaffold the deceased employee’s place of work, within the meaning of the law which imposes upon the master the duty to see that it is reasonably safe ? 1. Master and servant : duties and liabilities ot master : safe place to work: construction of scaffold. The law of the scaffold is peculiarly complex, and judicial decisions thereon are not wholly harmonious. It is undoubtedly true that it is competent for the master to furnish the materials and to confer upon his employees the duty, as such, to construct their own staging and scaffolding which may become necessary from time to time in the progress of the work undertaken. In such case, the negligent construction is not imputed to the master, as between him and the constructing employees or their fellow servants. On the other hand, it is the rule adopted by many modern authorities that, where a master does cause a scaffold to be erected by workmen other than those who are to use the same, and thereby undertakes to furnish a ready-made scaffold to other workmen, he is deemed as adopting such scaffold as a place of work for such workmen, and as assuming the duty, of seeing that it is reasonably safe. In Chambers v. American Tin Plate Co., 129 Fed. 561, the rule is stated as follows: “There is a line of cases holding that, when the employer furnishes suitable materials, and the workmen themselves construct a scaffolding or staging as a part of the work which they undertake to perform, and build it according to their own judgment, that the employer is not liable for an injury to one of their own number, sustained in the subsequent use of the structure, in consequence of negli [813] gence in construction. The erection and re-erection of such a staging, as the work requiring its use progresses, being itself a part of the very work which the employees are to do, takes it without the general rule in respect to the duty of the master to exercise reasonable care to furnish a reasonably safe place and appliances. * * * But the rule is quite otherwise if the employer himself undertake to furnish such scaffolding for the men who are to work thereon. In such case, the duty is one of those positive duties of the master' toward the servant which cannot be discharged by the substitution of a competent agent. The act or service to be done is that of furnishing a reasonably safe place or appliance, and negligence in the doing of such a service is the negligence of the master, without regard to the rank of different employees.” We are committed to this rule. Garvey v. Boody, etc., Co., 176 Iowa 273. The following authorities are to the same effect: Bourbonnais v. West Boylston Mfg. Co., 184 Mass. 250 (68 N. E. 232); Chicago & A. R. Co. v. Scanlan, 170 Ill. 106 (48 N. E. 826); McBeath v. Rawle, 192 Ill. 626 (61 N. E. 847); Cole v. Warren Mfg. Co., 63 N. J. L. 626 (44 Atl. 647); Liedke v. Moran Bros. Co., 43 Wash. 428 (86 Pac. 646). Under the undisputed evidence in this case, it must be held that the scaffold had been furnished by the master to the deceased employee as his place of work. 2. master and servant : assumption of risk: safe place to work. [814] 8. Master and servant: duties and liabilities of master : safe place to work: absence of -railing on scaffolding. [813] II. Because the alleged defects of the scaffold were, as alleged by the defendant, obvious and necessarily known to the deceased, it is contended that such defects did not constitute negligence of the master as to this employee, and further contended that the deceased himself was guilty of contributory negligence, and that he assumed the risk. The question of contributory negligence was one of fact, and was properly submitted to the [814] jury. The absence of the railing was, of course, obvious. If the defense of the assumption of risk were available to the defendant, the obvious character of the defects would assume added importance. Under our recent legislation, such defense is abolished. Recognizing that fact, the defendant did not plead it as a defense. It is no more available to him in argument than it was in pleading. The defendant has cited and quoted from a large number of authorities in support of his proposition at this point. An examination of them discloses that virtually all of them Avere assumption of risk cases. If the defendant was negligent in failing to furnish a reasonably safe scaffold, then, under our present statute, the deceased cannot be deemed to have assumed the risk arising out of such negligence, even though he had observed the defects resulting from such negligence. We do not overlook the defendant’s contention that he assumed the risk incident to his work. But if the danger thus risked arose out of the negligence of the master in the construction of the scaffold, then it was not a risk inherent in or incident to the work. So we come back to our starting point, Was the scaffold negligently constructed? It is urged by the defendant that the absence of a railing was not negligence. The trial court instructed properly that the absence of the railing was not necessarily negligence; but whether, under all the circumstances appearing in evidence, it was such, was a question for the consideration and determination of the jury. The jury might well have found that, if the floor boards had been securely nailed, the absence of a railing would not have been negligence. If it were deemed necessary to lay the boards loosely, without nailing them, it might well be found that additional security-should be provided in the Avay of railing. We think, therefore, that the absence of railing was a proper question for [815] the consideration of the jury, in the light of all the facts pertaining to the construction of the scaffold. That the floor boards should been nailed down is virtually conceded in the evidence for the defendant. The foreman of the defendant as a witness testified to that effect. The defendant’s contention at this point is not that the boards need not have been nailed, but that they were, in fact, nailed. On that question there was sharp conflict in the evidence, both direct and circumstantial. Evidence : relevancy, materiality, and competency : nailing of boards after accident. [816] 5. evidence: relevancy, materiality, and competency: subsequent conditlons not admissible. [815] III. Complaint is made of certain rulings on evidence. Some evidence was introduced of facts transpiring after the accident. One of these was' that someone nailed the floor boards of the scaffold immediately after the accident. Another was that a railing was constructed about the scaffold two or three days later. Certain witnesses for the plaintiff testified to their observation of these boards, at the time and immediately after the accident, and iliat they were not nailed. As against this testimony, it appeared without dispute that, at a time of observation within 40 minutes after the accident, the boards were found to be securely nailed. As against this fact, witnesses testified on behalf of plaintiff that, within a few minutes after the accident, they saw two persons on such scaffold, driving nails. This testimony was strenuously objected to by the defendant, on the ground that the persons so acting were not identified in any manner as employees of the defendant, and on the further ground that such subsequent conduct, even if authorized by the defendant, could not be deemed as an admission of prior negligence. While these objections were good, as far as they went, and were so recognized by the court in its instructions, they did not entitle the defendant to the exclusion of the testimony. This testimony was admissible in corroboration of the testimony on behalf of plaintiff that [816] the boards were not nailed at the time of the accident, although they were admittedly found to be nailed 40 minutes later.deuce was received over the objection of the defendant that a railing was constructed two or three days after the accident. The objection to this evidence should have been sustained. But it was later fully withdrawn by the court in its instructions. ,. _ „ consistent :0rn" correcwben1 taken together. IV. The defendant presented to the court 13 requested instructions, each of Avhich Avas refused; and complaint is directed to such ruling. A careful examination discloses that all of these requested instructions ex-cent Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 10 Avere given by the court on its own motion. Slight but Pr0Per modification was made, in one or ^w0 instances. Requested Instruction 1 Avas a peremptory direction of verdict for the defendant. Requested Instruction 2 declared the negligence, if any, in the construction of the scaffold to have been the negligence of fellow servants. Requested Instruction 4-was a specific direction that the position of the lookout timbers supporting the floor boards was obvious to tli'e deceased, and that it was the duty of the deceased to have the position of said lookout in mind, and to use ordinary and reasonable care to avoid placing his weight beyond or outside of said lookouts. Requested .Instruction 10 instructed the jury “that, as a matter of law, the deceased assumed all of the risk incident to using the said scaffold while it was not provided Avith railing.” This was put upon the ground that the absence of railing was obvious. What we have already said is a sufficient indication of our views that the requested instructions were properly refused. Complaint is made that Instructions Nos. 8 and 9 were inconsistent and contradictory. No. 8 dealt fully with [817] the question of contributory negligence. In its final sentence, it instructed the jury that, if the deceased did not exercise ordinary care, “then your verdict should be for the defendant.” No. 9 dealt with the question of negligence of the defendant. It instructed, in effect, that, if the jury found the negligence of the defendant to have been the proximate cause of the fall of the deceased, “then you would be warranted in finding for the plaintiff.” This instruction contained no saving reference to the contributory negligence of the plaintiff. These instructions are somewhat awkwardly put, but we do not think they can fairly be called inconsistent. They were intended to be read together, and there is no fair reason why No. 8 should be repeated by inclusion in No. 9. No. 8 stated to the-jury that, if there was contributory negligence, no recovery could be had, although there was negligence on the part of the defendant. If the foregoing statement had been repeated in Instruction No. 9, it would fully meet appellant’s complaint. While No. 9, standing alone, could be deemed objectionable, it does not stand alone. If we were to eliminate the figures 8 and 9, and were to put both paragraphs under one number, they might seem less objectionable, as mutually qualifying each other. We think it would be unduly technical to separate them for the purpose of rendering one of them incomplete. Other minor questions are presented. The questions we have already considered, however, are the vital ones, and what we have said is quite decisive of other questions not specifically mentioned. We find no reversible error, and the judgment below is — Affirmed. Ladd, C. J., Gaynor, Preston, and Salinger, JJ., concur.