Gibson v. Adams Express Co.

Stevens, J. Plaintiff brings this action to recover damages to a shipment of horses from Shenandoah, Iowa, to East Buffalo, New York. The car in which the horses were shipped left Shenandoah at 2:40 P. M., on March 2, 1917, and arrived at destination between 1 and 2 o’clock A. M., March 5th. It is alleged in the petition that the usual and ordinary time consumed in the transportation of a car from Shenandoah to East Buffalo by the route followed is 28 hours. The particular negligence charged is unusual and extraordinary delay, rough handling, and unnecessary exposure of the horses to cold and snow, resulting in serious damage thereto by rendering them unfit for market, and necessitating the sale thereof at much less than they Would have brought, but for the negligence of defendant. The defendant answered, admitting some delay in the transportation of the car, but denied that the horses were damaged en route, and averred that the delay was due to storms and other causes wholly beyond the control of defendant; that it became necessary to unload the horses at Cleveland for feed, rest, and water, under the provisions of the Federal law; and that, if the horses were exposed to excessive cold, or were not properly fed, it was due to the negligence of the plaintiff. Defendant also averred that the shipment was made under the terms of two written contracts, referred to as Exhibits A and B, attached to the petition without further reference thereto, except the allegation that they were on file in the office of the secretary of the interstate commerce commission, and approved thereby. We will later refer to some of the provisions of these instruments. [1261] ’ error: objeetions alter verdict to instructions. [1260] I. Many rulings of the court below are complained of, most of which relate to alleged errors in the instructions [1261] given. The point is also made that the court erroneously submitted the cáse to the jury under the state statute: whereas, under the facts disclosed, the case was controlled by the law of Congress. No instructions were requested by defendant, nor objections or exceptions taken to any part of the charge until five days after the verdict was filed. No motion for new trial was filed, and the written exceptions and objections to the instructions were never called to the attention of, or passed upon by, the trial court. Owing to the fatal illness of the judge who presided at the trial, which followed shortly thereafter, he was never apprised of the filing of the objections referred to. Counsel for appellee challenges the right of plaintiff to have the alleged errors in the instructions reviewed by this court, for the reason that they were not called to the attention of, or passed upon by, the lower court. The contention here made will be first considered in this opinion; and in this connection, we desire, at the outset, to refer to the statutes heretofore in force, and the practice adopted thereunder by this court. Prior to the enactment of Section 370'5-a of the Supplement to the Code, 1913, exceptions to instructions given were taken and preserved, if before verdict, under Code Section 3707, and, if after verdict, under Section 3709 of the Code of 1897. The first of the above sections made it the duty of the shorthand reporter to note exceptions to instructions given, but the grounds thereof did not need to be stated. The latter section, however, required exceptions to the charge as a whole, or any part thereof, to be filed within three days after the verdict and to specify the part of the charge or instructions objected to, and the ground thereof. The above sections of the Code, so far as the same related to instructions given by the court, were repealed by the thirty-fifth general assembly (Section 3705-c). As we do not have to deal, in this opinion, with instructions requested [1262] and refused, we omit reference to the provision of the above sections of the statute relating to the refusal to give the same and express no opinion as to whether same was repealed by Section ,3705-c or not. Nor have we considered Section 3708 of the Code in this connection. Section 3705-a required all objections or exceptions to instructions to be made before they were read to the jury, and to point out the grounds thereof specifically and with reasonable exactness. Provision was also made for filing exceptions after verdict, upon a proper showing that the error was not discovered before the charge was read to the jury. This section was repealed by Chapter 24, Acts of the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, which provides that: “Either party may take and file exceptions to the instructions of the court or any part of the instructions given or to the refusal to give any instructions as requested within five days after the verdict in the cause is filed or within such further time as the court may allow and may include the same or any part thereof in a motion for a new trial, but all such exceptions shall specify the part of the instructions as excepted to, or of the instructions asked and refused and objected to, and the grounds of such objections.” This case was tried after the enactment of the foregoing chapter, which was the only provision in force at the time of the trial prescribing the method and the time of taking and preserving exceptions and objections to instructions. It is the well-settled rule in this state that rulings of the lower court, complained of upon appeal, will be reviewed and considered only if it appears from the record that same was called to the attention of and passed upon by the trial court, and proper exception taken and preserved thereto. State v. O’Donnell, 176 Iowa 337, 351; Scott v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 160 Iowa 306; Clement, Bane & Co. v. Drybread, 108 Iowa 701; Schulte v. M. & St. P. R. Co., 124 Iowa 191; Mueller Lbr. Co. v. McCaffrey, 141 Iowa 730; State v. [1263] Walters, 178 Iowa 1108; Vogt v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 164 Iowa 158. It is also the rule that rulings called to the attention of, and passed upon by, the trial court will be reviewed upon appeal, without the incorporation of the same in a motion for new trial. Stewart v. Equitable Mut. Life Ins. Co., 110 Iowa 528; State v. Kelly, 151 Iowa 264; Underwood v. Oskaloosa Traction & Light Co., 157 Iowa 352; Scott v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., supra. This court reviews rulings of the trial court, in ordinary actions upon appeal, when proper objection has been interposed and exception preserved thereto, for the purpose of correcting errors. The requirement that attention of thq trial -court shall first be called to alleged erroneous rulings is that correction may be made thereby, and the expense and delay of appeal avoided. Section 4105 of the Code provides: “A judgment or order shall not be reversed for an error which can be corrected on motion in an inferior court, until such motion has been there made and overruled.” Added significance attaches to this section by the repeal of Code Section 3707, which permitted exceptions to instructions to be noted by the shorthand reporter. Unless the giving of the instructions prepared by the court upon its own motion, in obedience to statutory requirement, is treated as overruling objections subsequently filed thereto, then clearly the errors alleged and relied upon by appellant were never passed upon by the trial court, and no opportunity was given thereto to correct the same. It is true that, in Scott v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., supra, and other decisions of this court, we held that Section 4105 was designed to cover errors arising after the verdict, such as that it is excessive, or that there was misconduct of the jury. None of these decisions was rendered since the repeal of Sections 3707 of the Code and 370'5-a. of the 1913 Supplement thereto, and therefore they are not in conflict with the [1264] view herein expressed. It will be observed that all objections and exceptions interposed or preserved to instructions under Chapter 24, Acts of the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, must be filed within five days after the filing of the verdict, and must point out specifically the part of the instruction or instructions complained of, and the ground of the objection must be stated. The legislature surely had some purpose in the enactment of these provisions, which are, in substance, identical with Section 8709, known in the Code of 1873 as Section 2789. The thirty-eighth general assembly (Chapter 11) amended Code Section 3756, fixing the time for filing a motion for new trial, by striking out the word “three”, and substituting the word “five” therefor. The importance and significance of this change in the statute is apparent, when considered in connection with the provisions of Chapter 24, Acts of the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, permitting objections and exceptions to instructions to be included in the motion for new trial. The legislature must have understood that some relation existed between objections and exceptions to instructions and a motion for new trial. The sole purpose of the defeated party in filing objections and exceptions to instructions, or to the refusal of the court to give those requested by counsel, is to obtain a new trial, or the correction of some manifest error in the instructions, if possible, without disturbing the verdict. It is idle to contend that the requirements of Chapter 24 were intended solely for the benefit of the litigants, or of this court upon appeal. So long as Section 3707 was in force, errors in instructions were corrected upon appeal by the granting of a new trial, even though no specific grounds therefor were stated when the exception was taken. Recurring now to Section 4105, its'application to exceptions and objections' to instructions filed after verdict is manifest. The error complained of must be presented to [1265] the court below for correction by an appropriate motion, which, in the present case, would have been a motion for new trial. No such motion was filed. No decision of this court is called to our attention by counsel, nor has a careful search of our official reports resulted in our finding one, in which exceptions and objections to instructions filed after verdict were reviewed upon appeal, unless called to the attention of the lower court by a motion for new trial. So far as the decisions of this court disclose, such has been the universal practice of the profession. Attention is called to the following cases, which are illustrative of this statement: Parsons v. Parsons, 66 Iowa 754; Beems, Adm., v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 58 Iowa 150; Steyer v. Curran, 48 Iowa 580; Patterson v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 70 Iowa 593; Dean & Co. v. Zenor, 96 Iowa 752; Thompson v. Anderson, 94 Iowa 554; Riley v. Bell, 120 Iowa 618; Fish v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 81 Iowa 280; Vogt v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., supra. Counsel for appellant placed some reliance upon Scott v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., supra; but what was there said was based upon the record before the court, from which it appeared that exceptions to the instructions were noted by the shorthand reporter at the time of the trial. The advantage that would result to a litigant desiring delay, if the contention of counsel for appellant were to prevail, is obvious. Intolerable delays would follow. The errors complained of could have been corrected in the court below, and the relief sought (a new trial) probably secured, if the same had been called to the attention of the trial court. There is nothing in Chapter 24, Acts of the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, to indicate that the legislature contemplated, by the repeal of Section 3705-a, a departure so radical as that suggested by counsel. The requirements of Section 3705-a did not meet the approval of court or counsel. If sufficient time were allowed attorneys in which to [1266] present objections to instructions, it resulted in too much delay in the progress of the trial, and attorneys frequently were unable, in the time allowed, to give necessary consideration to the instructions, and prepare objections thereto. By extending the time to five days after the filing of the verdict, these difficulties are overcome, and ample opportunity is given counsel to prepare and present objections thereto, on the submission of a motion for new trial, or other motion designed to secure a correction of érrors committed. It may be that the objections and exceptions and the motion for new trial may be separately filed, but they would naturally be considered together. It is true that Chapter 24, Acts of the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, uses the words “exceptions” and “objections” apparently interchangeably; but this is without significance in the construction of this statute. An exception is defined by Code Section 3749 as “an objection, taken to a decision of the court, or person acting as the court, on a matter of law.” The exceptions to instructions filed after verdict are, in reality and in effect, a challenge of the correctness thereof, and of the statement of the law applicable to the controversy involved. They are literally objections to the law as stated by the court. It is, therefore, our conclusion that, as the objections and exceptions to the instructions were not called to the attention of the trial court by appro-priate motion for new trial, or otherwise, and a ruling secured thereon, none of the errors alleged therein can be considered or reviewed upon this appeal. II. Section 8 of the contract, referred to in defendant’s answer as Exhibit A, is as follows: [1267] 2. carriers: fail-are to accompany stock: explanatory evidence in atsence of plea in avoidance. [1266] “Where said animals are accompanied by the owner or an attendant in his employ, the following further conditions shall apply, viz.: The shipper agrees to load, trans [1267] ship, and unload said animals at his own risk, the express company furnishing the . necessary laborers to assist. The shipper shall take care of, feed, and water said ani1 7 mals, while being forwarded or transported, whether delayed in transit or otherwise, and the express company shall not be under any liability or duty with reference thereto, except in the actual forwarding thereof. The shipper further undertakes to see that all doors and openings in the cars in which said animals are shipped are at all times so closed and fastened as to prevent the escape of any of said animals or injury thereto, and the express company shall not be liable on account of the escape of any of said animals or any injury thereto, resulting from open doors or defective ventilation. “Attendants, when transported free, will be permitted to ride only in the car in which the animals are transported, or in smoking cars, or second-class cars of the train, when furnished.” The other contract, referred to as Exhibit B, and designated “Attendant’s Contract,” also, among other things, provided: “Whereas it is necessary that the owner or some person on his behalf shall accompany and take charge of said animals * * * which said animals are to be under the charge of the undersigned * * No reply was filed to defendant’s answer, but plaintiff was permitted to offer testimony for the purpose of excusing his failure to accompany the stock as caretaker. It is contended by counsel for appellant that, to entitle plaintiff to offer testimony upon this point, he must first plead in confession and avoidance of the contract. Section 3576 of the Code requires that, “where some matter is alleged in the, answer to which the plaintiff claims to have a defense by reason of the existence of some fact which avoids the matter [1268] alleged in the answer,” same shall be set forth in a reply. While jlefendant attached copies of the two contracts to its answer, no particular reference was made to the parts thereof above referred to. It was, however, alleged in the answer that: “If said animals were subjected to excessive cold and exposure, and were not properly fed, same was due to the negligence of the plaintiff and not of the defendant, and that, for that reason, plaintiff cannot recover.” The particular acts of negligence relied upon are not stated; but, impliedly, defendant’s allegations of negligence referred to the failure of plaintiff to accompany and care for the stock en route, as authorized by the shipping and “Attendant’s” contract; and we so treat it, for the purpose of this discussion. No motion for more specific statements of the particular acts of negligence relied upon was filed. The evidence, ■ admission of which is claimed to have been erroneous, was offered by plaintiff as a part of his main case, and, stated briefly, is, in substance, as follows: That, when he arrived on the train with the horses at Chariton, Iowa, a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, he was informed by a stranger, who told him he was the agent of the Adams Express Company in charge of another car of horses, that he could not ride to Chicago on the train with the horses; that the conversation, or some of it, was in the depot, in the presence of the railroad ticket agent, who also informed him that he would have to go on a passenger train, and that he could not go on the train with the horses; that, when he arrived in Chicago, he went to an office, over the door of which there was a sign reading “Adams Express Co.,” and inquired where the car containing the horses was; that the party in charge showed him a memorandum of the number of the car in which the horses were being transported,. and informed him that it would be attached to a fast mail train; that he would have to take a [1269] passenger train, and conld not go with, the horses; that he also inquired at the LaSalle Street Station, of the conductor of the New York Central train, on which he rode to Buffalo, whether he could ride with the horses, and was informed that he could not, as that train did not carry passengers. The objection to the above testimony was that it was incompetent, irrelevant, immaterial, and hearsay, and not binding on the defendant, as it was not shown that any of the parties with whom he talked were authorized to represent it. As already indicated, notwithstanding the fact that the contract was for an interstate shipment, the Federal statutes were ignored by the court, and the cause submitted without reference thereto. An examination of the provision of the contract set out above will disclose that plaintiff did not, in specific terms, agree to accompany and care for the stock; but transportation was furnished him in contemplation of his doing so. The rule in this state, as stated in Westphalen v. Atlantic, N. & S .R. Co., 152 Iowa 232, is that: “Where the owner or his agent accompanies live stock in their shipment for the purpose of giving it care and attention, the burden is on the plaintiff suing for damages alleged to have resulted from failure of the carrier to properly care' for the animals in transportation to show that any injury or damage suffered during transportation was due to some fault on the part of the carrier. * * * But this rule relates only to burden of proof.” See Thompson v. Anderson, supra; Grieve v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 104 Iowa 659. The reason for the rule is obvious. By accompanying the stock, he is as well aware of the way it is handled and the operation of the train as the employees of the carrier in charge thereof. A shipper, under the laws of this state, is not bound by a contract to perform any of the duties of the carrier; but we have frequently held that, if he accompanies the stock, [1270] and assumes to perform certain duties of the carrier, such as providing feed and protection against storms and cold, so far as facilities are afforded him for that purpose, such fact becomes a material consideration in determining the liability of the carrier. As stated above, the burden of showing that the loss was due to the fault of the carrier in such case rests upon the shipper, in the first instance. Winn v. American Exp. Co., 149 Iowa 259; Hanley v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 154 Iowa 60; Westphalen v. Atlantic, N. & S. R. Co., supra. If the defendant knew, that the stock was unattended by plaintiff or someone on his behalf, it was its duty to give the necessary attention to the stock to prevent injury or damage thereto, the same as though no agreement existed. Michie on Carriers, Section 1945; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Williams, 61 Neb. 608 (85 N. W. 832); Patterson v. Missouri, K. & T. R. Co., 24 Okla. 747 (104 Pac. 31); Thompson v. Railway Co., supra; Mosteller v. Iowa Cent. R. Co., 153 Iowa 390. It is, of course, not claimed by counsel for appellant that the defendant could in any way limit its liability as a carrier for damages resulting from its own negligence under the statutes of this state or any of the acts of Congress. It appears without dispute, from evidence offered on behalf of the defendant, that the horses arrived in and departed from Chicago on scheduled time, and in good condition. It was proper for plaintiff to offer proof that neither he nor anyone for him accompanied the horses as caretaker, and that defendant had notice thereof. A witness called by defendant testified that he was in its employ as a freight sorter and extra messenger, and that he accompanied the shipment in question from Chicago* to East Buffalo, New York; that, when he took charge of the horses in Chicago, the ventilators were half open, and the horses appeared to be in good condition; that the weather conditions were bad between To [1271] ledo and Cleveland; that he caused the horses to be unloaded, fed, and watered at the stockyards in Cleveland; and that he inspected the horses at various stations en route, and saw them unloaded at Cleveland and Buffalo. No evidence was offered by defendant tending to show that the horses were injured because of the failure of plaintiff to accompany them as caretaker, but, on the contrary, evidence was offered, as above stated, for the purpose of showing that the horses were properly looked after, and attended by a special employee of defendant from Chicago to their destination. We think, therefore, that the evidence was admissible without a plea of confession and avoidance, for the purpose of showing that plaintiff did not accompany the stock, and that notice was imparted to the defendant of that fact, and also to repel the allegation that plaintiff was negligent in failing to exercise the privilege conferred by his contract. Certainly, it cannot be said that plaintiff, under the evidence, negligently failed to accompany the car from Chicago to its destination. The agent of defendant with whom he talked in Chicago had a memorandum of the number of the car in which the horses were being transported, and apparently had full information as to the route and movement thereof, and the jury may well have found that the information given to plaintiff was in the line of his duty as such agent. Ordinarily, at least, a ticket agent at a railway station is authorized to direct passengers upon what trains they may, or are forbidden to, ride. Further, we fail to see wherein this evidence was, in any event, prejudicial. The duty rested upon the defendant to properly care for, protect, and transport the horses, the same as though no contract had existed, and not to keep them in the car in excess of 36 hours without unloading, feeding, and giving them a period of rest. Thompson v. Railway Company, supra; Westphalen v. Atlantic, N. & S. R. Co., supra; Winn v. American Exp. Co., supra; Colsch v. [1272] Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 171 Iowa 78; Powers v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 130 Iowa 615; Mosteller v. Iowa Cent. R. Co., supra. Had plaintiff accompanied tlie horses, he would have had no control over the movement of the train, and could not have prevented the delay, without which the horses, unattended, might have reached their destination in good condition. When the horses were unloaded at Cleveland, they had been on the cars about 36 hours, which, according to plaintiff’s testimony, exceeded the time usually, and customarily consumed in completing a shipment from Shenandoah to East Buffalo. Conceding, without deciding, that, if the only purpose for which the testimony in question was offered was to avoid the provisions of the shipping contract, a jilea in confession and avoidance would be necessary, still, if the testimony was admissible for some other purpose, the court could not properly exclude it on account of the failure to interpose this plea. In our opinion, the evidence was clearly admissible for the reasons stated, and if the conversation at Chariton, or any part of it, was improperly admitted, it was without material prejudice to defendant. III. While plaintiff in his petition alleged that the car was billed from Shenandoah, Iowa, to East Buffalo, New York, thereby indicating its character as an interstate shipment, the defendant, which now complains of the failure of the court to take notice of the Federal statutes, and to submit the case to the jury in accordance with the provisions thereof, at no time during tlie trial suggested this fact- or requested instructions to that effect, or otherwise sought to liave the cause thus tried and submitted. As we cannot consider or review the objections and exceptions filed to the instructions after verdict, wherein this question is variously raised, we have nothing before us for consideration [1273] upon this point. It necessarily follows that the judgment of the court below is — Affirmed. Ladd, C. J., Weaver and Gaynor, JJ., concur.